# Arch Linux Mostly for personal reference how to quickly set up Arch Linux according to personal tastes. Refer to Arch Wiki for more comprehensive guidance. # Getting Started Quick and easy(tm) # Preparations

INFO: This is a shortened version of the Arch Wiki installation guide.

Download an ISO from the [Arch Linux download](https://archlinux.org/download/) page, either via Torrent or HTTP from a [mirror nearest](https://archlinux.org/download/#download-mirrors) to you. ## Preparing install media After you downloaded the image you need to flash it to physical media to boot your machine from it, i.e. a USB flash drive.

WARNING: All data on the USB flash drive will be lost!

### Windows On Windows you can use Balena etcher to flash ISOs to USB. Connect your USB to your computer, load the ISO you just downloaded in etcher, select the USB as target and start the flashing process. A pop-up might appear asking you to confirm to overwrite the USB flash drive. ### macOS Connect your USB flash drive to your Mac. Launch `Terminal.app` and determine the path of the USB flash drive: ~~~bash diskutil list ~~~ This will list all drives connected to your Mac: ~~~ /dev/disk0 (internal, physical): #: TYPE NAME SIZE IDENTIFIER 0: GUID_partition_scheme *1.0 TB disk0 1: EFI EFI 314.6 MB disk0s1 2: Apple_APFS Container disk1 1.0 TB disk0s2 /dev/disk1 (synthesized): #: TYPE NAME SIZE IDENTIFIER 0: APFS Container Scheme - +1.0 TB disk1 Physical Store disk0s2 1: APFS Volume Macintosh HD - Daten 697.5 GB disk1s1 2: APFS Volume Preboot 1.8 GB disk1s2 3: APFS Volume Recovery 1.1 GB disk1s3 4: APFS Volume VM 5.4 GB disk1s4 5: APFS Volume Macintosh HD 8.8 GB disk1s5 6: APFS Snapshot com.apple.os.update-... 8.8 GB disk1s5s1 /dev/disk2 (external, physical): #: TYPE NAME SIZE IDENTIFIER 0: FDisk_partition_scheme *15.4 GB disk2 1: 0xEF 10.4 MB disk2s2 ~~~ Look for the device with the line `external`. In this example it's `/dev/disk2 (external, physical)` with a capacity of ~16 GB. macOS might auto-mount the drive when you connect it. Make sure to unmount it before flashing: ~~~bash diskutil unmountDisk /dev/disk2 ~~~ Use `dd` to flash the ISO image directly to your USB flash drive (adjust according to the output of `diskutil list`):

HINT: Note the 'r' before 'disk', which uses the raw device, which makes the transfer much faster.

ATTENTION: This command will run silently.

WARNING: This will delete all data on the device. Make sure to supply the correct target or severe data loss may occur!

~~~bash sudo dd if=path/to/archlinux.iso of=/dev/rdisk2 bs=1m ~~~ After flashing is done, macOS might complain it can't read the drive. This is expected, the drive will still be bootable. ### Linux Connect your USB flash drive to your computer. #### GNOME Disk Utility If you're on GNOME you can open the ISO image by right-clicking it and opening it with GNOME Disk Utility. Then select the inserted USB flash drive as target and click *Restore.* #### Command line Determine your USB flash drive's device path with `lsblk`: ~~~ NAME FSTYPE LABEL UUID MOUNTPOINT sda ├─sda1 vfat C4DA-2C4D /boot ├─sda2 swap 5b1564b2-2e2c-452c-bcfa-d1f572ae99f2 [SWAP] └─sda3 ext4 56adc99b-a61e-46af-aab7-a6d07e504652 / sdb └─sdb1 vfat USB 2C4D-C4DA /run/user/1000/usb ~~~ Flash the ISO image to the USB flash drive with `dd`: ~~~bash sudo dd if=path/to/archlinux.iso of=/dev/sdb bs=4M conv=fsync oflag=direct status=progress ~~~ # Booting the installation medium

ATTENTION: The Arch Linux installation medium does not support Secure Boot. You will have to disable it to start the installation.

Point your system's current boot device to the USB flash drive plugged into one of the USB ports on your computer. This usually involves pressing a key during POST; F8, F12, TAB, etc. Refer to on screen instructions after turning on your computer or its manual for the exact key to press. Once the GRUB boot manager comes up select the Arch installer medium option to be presented with the installation environment. You'll be logged in as `root` at a Zsh prompt. ## Setting the correct keyboard layout The default keyboard layout is US. To list all available keyboard layouts:

NOTE: You can filter the output by "piping" it to grep, i.e. localectl list-keymaps | grep your search string.

~~~bash localectl list-keymaps ~~~ To change the keyboard layout pass its name to `loadkeys`. For example to set a German keyboard layout: ~~~bash loadkeys de-latin1 ~~~ ## Verify boot mode To verify the current boot mode, check the bitness of the UEFI in sysfs: ~~~bash cat /sys/firmware/efi/fw_platform_size ~~~ Ideally, this should return `64`, indicating UEFI 64-bit mode. If it returns `32` the system was booted in UEFI 32-bit mode; while this shouldn't be an issue, it limits the choice of compatible boot loaders later on. However, if the file does not exist, this indicates the system was **not** booted in UEFI mode, but in BIOS or CSM mode (**C**ompatibility **S**upport **M**odule, UEFI emulating an old BIOS). The preferred mode of operation is 64-bit UEFI. Consult your PC's or mainboard's manual on how to disable CSM if BIOS compatibility is not a requirement.

NOTE: UEFI has seen mainstream adoption since the introduction of Windows 8 in 2012 and is a base requirement for certification from Microsoft, so PCs sold after that date are sure to support 64-bit UEFI.

## Establish a network connection To verify network devices are actually available list them with `ip`: ~~~bash ip link ~~~ It should produce a list of network interfaces with IDs like `enp39s0`, `eth0`, `wlan0`, etc. ### Ethernet To connect to a network simply connect the LAN cable for a wired network connection. ### Wi-Fi

NOTE: wlan0 is used as the example device in this section. If your device is named differently, adjust accordingly.

For Wi-Fi connections use `iwctl`. | Command | Description | |---------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------| | `iwctl device list` | List available Wi-Fi devices | | `iwctl station wlan0 scan` | Use device `wlan0` to scan for nearby Wi-Fi networks | | `iwctl station wlan0 get-networks` | Use device `wlan0` to list available Wi-Fi networks | | `iwctl station wlan0 connect HomeWiFiNetworkName` | Use device `wlan0` to connect to Wi-Fi network `HomeWiFiNetworkName` | ### Mobile broadband See [Arch Wiki](https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Mobile_broadband_modem#ModemManager) for how to set up `ModemManager`. ## Testing connection To verify you're online `ping` a server on the internet of your choice, e.g.: ~~~bash ping archlinux.org ~~~ ## Update the system clock On current Arch ISO live environments, time synchronization with NTP and the system clock should already be enabled. To verify this is the case, call `timedatectl` without any paramenters. ~~~ Local time: Sun 2025-01-19 15:51:04 UTC Universal time: Sun 2025-01-19 15:51:04 UTC RTC time: Sun 2025-01-19 15:51:04 Time zone: UTC (UTC, +0000) System clock synchronized: yes NTP service: active RTC in local TZ: no ~~~ If it says `NTP service: active`, you're good. Otherwise, enable the NTP service with: ~~~bash timedatectl set-ntp true ~~~ By default, the time zone is set to UTC. You should change that to the region you reside in for correct timestamps. Set the appropriate time zone (autocomplete with `Tab` key), e.g. for Germany: ~~~bash timedatectl set-timezone Europe/Berlin ~~~ Your system's local time offset should now be set. Check again with `timedatectl`: ~~~ Local time: Sun 2025-01-19 16:54:57 CET Universal time: Sun 2025-01-19 15:54:57 UTC RTC time: Sun 2025-01-19 15:54:56 Time zone: Europe/Berlin (CET, +0100) System clock synchronized: yes NTP service: active RTC in local TZ: no ~~~ # Extra: Installing via SSH

WARNING: Only do this in a trustworthy network environment, e.g. at home, to prevent the possibility of tampering from outside sources! The system will not notify you if someone else logs into the installation environment alongside yourself!

If you want to install Arch Linux via SSH set a password for the `root` user of the installation environment with `passwd`. This doesn't have to be a sophisticated password, as it will only be valid for the runtime of the installation environment and won't carry over to the installed system. Installing via SSH will allow you to use your already installed system's terminal to copy-paste commands quickly.

NOTE: Native OpenSSH clients are available on Linux, macOS and Windows (starting with Windows 10 1809).

After you've set a password connect to the installation environment: ~~~bash ssh -o PreferredAuthentications=password root@archiso ~~~ # Partitioning Different partioning schemes and their setup # Understanding Linux file systems Linux supports a number of different file systems with different sets of features and intended use-cases. ## Ext4: The All-rounder Ext4 is the latest iteration of the "Extended file system" and the default on most Linux distributions. It supports journaling, which means the file system keeps a list of files that are to be written to the disk and once the file has been written, it is removed from the journal. This improves file system integrity in case of a power loss. It also features delayed allocation, which aims to improve flash memory life. Ext4 also actively prevents file fragmentation when writing data. ## Btrfs: The new kid on the block Btrfs is a new type of Linux file system that is designed differently from Ext4 in some respects. Btrfs is a copy-on-write (CoW for short) file system, which means that copies of files are only "virtual" and do not occupy any additional storage space, and a copy only becomes "real" once it has been changed. Writes do not overwrite data in place; instead, a modified copy of the block is written to a new location, and metadata is updated to point at the new location. Btrfs organizes its data in subvolumes, which can be mounted like partitions. Unlike partitions, subvolumes do not have a fixed size. Instead, subvolumes are merely an organizational unit on the same Btrfs partition, the size of which depends on the contents stored in them. Any number of subvolumes can be created for different mount points, e.g. `/` and `/home`. This allows, amongst other things, for multiple operating systems to be installed to the same disk on the same computer without interfering with each other. Another feature of Btrfs is its ability to create snapshots of the file system. The state of a subvolume can be recorded in a snapshot, e.g. before a critical system update, in order to revert to a previous state of the file system if necessary. Thanks to CoW, snapshots require very little storage space compared to full-fledged backups (although they are no replacement for them!) and can be mounted and booted from like regular subvolumes. This makes it possible to "rewind" the state of the file system with comparatively little effort. Tools such as `snapper` or `timeshift` can simplify and automate the process of creating during system updates and restoring from snapshots from the commandline. Btrfs also implements transparent compression of data blocks. Written data is automatically stored in compressed form if the appropriate mount options are set. There are a number of different compression algorithms to choose from, including lz4, gzip and Zstandard. This can also increase the life span of flash based storage devices, as less data is written to the disk and not as much wear-leveling is taking place. Btrfs comes with RAID management for RAID 0, 1 and 10 built into the file system itself and makes an additional software or firmware RAID superfluous for these configurations. In addition, the integrated RAID functionality offers the advantage that it is aware of used and free data blocks in mirrored setups, which can considerably speed up the reconstruction of a RAID, as only the used blocks are reconstructed. Using the built-in RAID functionality in Btrfs also allows for more storage devices to be added to the RAID later on. ## XFS: large data made easy XFS is a high-performance file system particularly proficient at parallel I/O due to its allocation group based design. This makes it ideal for when you're dealing with bandwidth intensive tasks, i.e. multiple processes accessing the file system simultaneously. Like ext4 it contains a journal for file system consistency. XFS keeps an overview over the free space on the file system, allowing it to quickly determine free blocks large enough for new data in order to prevent file fragmentation. # Singular file system The simplest, most basic partitioning scheme in any Linux operating system consists of 3 partitions: | Type | File System | Description | |----------------------|----------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | EFI System Partition | vfat | Stores boot loaders and bootable OS images in `.efi` format | | Root File System | ext4, btrfs, XFS, or other | Stores the Linux OS files (kernel, system libraries, applications, user data) | | Swap | Swap partition or file | Stores swapped memory pages from RAM during high memory pressure | This guide assumes the following: * There is only 1 disk that needs partitioning * `/dev/nvme0n1` is the primary disk ## Preparing the disk Determine the disks that are installed on your system. This can easily be done with `fdisk`: ~~~sh fdisk -l ~~~ It outputs a list of disk devices with one or more entries similar to this: ~~~ Disk /dev/nvme0n1: 232.89 GiB, 250059350016 bytes, 488397168 sectors Disk model: Samsung SSD 840 Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disklabel type: gpt Disk identifier: XXXXXXXX-XXXX-XXXX-XXXX-XXXXXXXXXXXX ~~~ The line starting the device file with `/dev/` is the relevant one. Start partitioning the disk with `cfdisk`:

WARNING: Make sure you are modifying the correct device, else you will lose data!

~~~sh cfdisk /dev/nvme0n1 ~~~ If the disk has no partition table yet, `cfdisk` will ask you to specify one. The default partition table format for UEFI systems is `gpt`. Create a layout with at least 3 partitions: | Size | FS Type | |-------------|---------------------| | 1G | EFI System | | (RAM size) | Linux Swap | | (remaining) | Linux root (x86-64) |

NOTE: Specifying the correct file system type allows some software to automatically detect and assign appropriate mount points to partitions. See Discoverable Partitions Specification for more details.

You can verfiy that the partitions have been created by running `fdisk -l` again: ~~~ Disk /dev/nvme0n1: 232.89 GiB, 250059350016 bytes, 488397168 sectors Disk model: Samsung SSD 840 Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disklabel type: gpt Disk identifier: XXXXXXXX-XXXX-XXXX-XXXX-XXXXXXXXXXXX Device Start End Sectors Size Type /dev/nvme0n1p1 2048 2099199 2097152 1G EFI System /dev/nvme0n1p2 2099200 35653631 33554432 16G Linux swap /dev/nvme0n1p3 35653632 488396799 452743168 215.9G Linux root (x86-64) ~~~ This time `fdisk` will also list the partitions present on the disk.

NOTE: You might notice a pattern with how Linux structures its block devices. Partitions also count as "devices" which you can interact with. Each partition has an incrementing counter attached to its name to specify its order in the partition layout.

## Formatting partitions Format the partition with the appropriate `mkfs` subcommand for the file system you want to use, e.g. ext4: ~~~sh mkfs.ext4 /dev/nvme0n1p3 # ext4 root file system mkfs.fat -F 32 /dev/nvme0n1p1 # EFI System Partition mkswap /dev/nvme0n1p2 # Swap space ~~~ Next mount the file systems:

ATTENTION: Depending on which file system you chose earlier for your root file system, additional mount parameters might be beneficial or necessary, e.g. btrfs requires specifying the subvolume you want to mount using the option subvol=NAME. Refer to the file system's manual to determine relevant mount parameters.

~~~sh mount /dev/nvme0n1p3 -o noatime /mnt mount /dev/nvme0n1p1 --mkdir /mnt/efi swapon /dev/nvme0n1p2 ~~~ # Singular file system (LUKS, encrypted) LUKS (Linux Unified Key Setup) is the standard for Linux hard disk encryption. By providing a standard on-disk-format, it does not only facilitate compatibility among distributions, but also provides secure management of multiple user passwords. LUKS stores all necessary setup information in the partition header, enabling to transport or migrate data seamlessly. Management of LUKS encrypted devices is done via the [`cryptsetup`](https://gitlab.com/cryptsetup/cryptsetup) utility.

NOTE: Why should you encrypt your data? Encryption ensures that no one but the rightful owner has access to the data. Encryption is therefore not only used to hide sensitive data from prying eyes, it also serves to protect your privacy. Encryption should be considered especially for portable devices such as laptops. In the event of loss or theft, encryption ensures that personal data and secrets (passwords, key files, etc.) do not fall into the wrong hands and are less likely and not as easily be abused.

The simplest, most basic encrypted partitioning scheme in a Linux operating system consists of 3 partitions: | Type | File System | Description | |----------------------|-------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | EFI System Partition | vfat | Stores boot loaders and bootable OS images in `.efi` format | | Root File System | LUKS2 | Stores the Linux OS files (kernel, system libraries, applications, user data) | | Swap | Plain | Stores swapped memory pages from RAM during high memory pressure | This guide assumes the following: * There is only 1 disk that needs partitioning * `/dev/nvme0n1` is the primary disk ## Preparing the disk Determine the disks that are installed on your system. This can easily be done with `fdisk`: ~~~sh fdisk -l ~~~ It outputs a list of disk devices with one or more entries similar to this: ~~~ Disk /dev/nvme0n1: 232.89 GiB, 250059350016 bytes, 488397168 sectors Disk model: Samsung SSD 840 Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disklabel type: gpt Disk identifier: XXXXXXXX-XXXX-XXXX-XXXX-XXXXXXXXXXXX ~~~ The line starting the device file with `/dev/` is the relevant one. Start partitioning the disk with `cfdisk`:

WARNING: Make sure you are modifying the correct device, else you will lose data!

~~~sh cfdisk /dev/nvme0n1 ~~~ If the disk has no partition table yet, `cfdisk` will ask you to specify one. The default partition table format for UEFI systems is `gpt`. Create a layout with at least 3 partitions: | Size | FS Type | |-------------|---------------------| | 1G | EFI System | | (RAM size) | Linux Swap | | (remaining) | Linux root (x86-64) |

NOTE: Specifying the correct file system type allows some software to automatically detect and assign appropriate mount points to partitions. See Discoverable Partitions Specification for more details.

You can verfiy that the partitions have been created by running `fdisk -l` again: ~~~ Disk /dev/nvme0n1: 232.89 GiB, 250059350016 bytes, 488397168 sectors Disk model: Samsung SSD 840 Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disklabel type: gpt Disk identifier: XXXXXXXX-XXXX-XXXX-XXXX-XXXXXXXXXXXX Device Start End Sectors Size Type /dev/nvme0n1p1 2048 2099199 2097152 1G EFI System /dev/nvme0n1p2 2099200 35653631 33554432 16G Linux swap /dev/nvme0n1p3 35653632 488396799 452743168 215.9G Linux root (x86-64) ~~~ This time `fdisk` will also list the partitions present on the disk.

NOTE: You might notice a pattern with how Linux structures its block devices. Partitions also count as "devices" which you can interact with. Each partition has an incrementing counter attached to its name to specify its order in the partition layout.

## Formatting partitions Before writing a file system to the disk a LUKS container needs to be created with the `cryptsetup` utility:

WARNING: Do NOT forget your passphrase! In case of loss you won't be able to access the data inside the container anymore!

~~~bash cryptsetup luksFormat /dev/nvme0n1p3 ~~~ Open the newly created LUKS container and supply the passphrase you just set:

NOTE: cryptroot is used as an example here. It is the "mapper name" under which the opened LUKS container will be available at, in this example: /dev/mapper/cryptroot. You may use whatever name you like.

~~~bash cryptsetup open /dev/nvme0n1p3 cryptroot ~~~ ### Formatting and mounting partitions Create file systems for the ESP and the root file system: ~~~bash mkfs.fat -F 32 /dev/nvme0n1p1 mkfs.ext4 /dev/mapper/cryptroot ~~~ Mount the file systems: ~~~bash mount /dev/mapper/cryptroot -o noatime /mnt mount --mkdir /dev/nvme0n1p1 /mnt/efi ~~~

NOTE: For an additional layer of security and privacy, swap space is going to be set up to be re-encrypted with a random passphrase on every boot in a later step. This way contents that have been swapped out of RAM and onto disk become inacessible after the machine has been powered off.

# Encrypt non-root devices (LUKS) If you have more than one hard disk that you need to encrypt (e.g. SSD as main disk, HDD as data disk) there are a few things to keep in mind to ensure continued smooth operation without any loss of convenience. The layout is as follows: | Type | File System | Description | |------------------|-------------|------------------------------------------------------------------| | Home File System | LUKS2 | Stores user home directories and personal files | ## Preparing the disk Determine the disks that are installed on your system. This can easily be done with `fdisk`: ~~~sh fdisk -l ~~~ Start partitioning the disk with `cfdisk`:

WARNING: Make sure you are modifying the correct device, else you will lose data!

~~~sh cfdisk /dev/sda ~~~ If the disk has no partition table yet, `cfdisk` will ask you to specify one. The default partition table format for UEFI systems is `gpt`. Create a layout with at least 3 partitions: | Size | FS Type | |-------------|------------| | (disk size) | Linux home |

NOTE: Specifying the correct file system type allows some software to automatically detect and assign appropriate mount points to partitions. See Discoverable Partitions Specification for more details.

## Formatting partitions Before writing a file system to the disk a LUKS container needs to be created with the `cryptsetup` utility:

WARNING: Do NOT forget your passphrase! In case of loss you won't be able to access the data inside the container anymore!

NOTE: Using /dev/sda as an example of a SATA HDD that is intended to be mounted at /home.

~~~bash cryptsetup luksFormat /dev/sda1 ~~~ Open the newly created LUKS container and supply the passphrase you just set:

NOTE: crypthome is used as an example here. It is the "mapper name" under which the opened LUKS container will be available at, in this example: /dev/mapper/crypthome. You may use whatever name you like.

~~~bash cryptsetup open /dev/sda1 crypthome ~~~ ### Formatting and mounting partitions Create a file system for the home file system: ~~~bash mkfs.ext4 /dev/mapper/crypthome ~~~ Mount the file systems: ~~~bash mount --mkdir /dev/mapper/crypthome -o noatime /mnt/home ~~~ # LVM + dm-cache (unencrypted) LVM dm-cache is a feature of the Linux device mapper, which uses a fast storage device to boost data read/write speeds of a slower one. It achieves this by transparently copying blocks of frequently accessed data to the faster storage device in the background. On subsequent reads/writes the faster storage device is queried first. If the requested data blocks are not on there, it automatically falls back on the slower source storage device. This makes it possible to combine the benefits of SSD speeds with the low cost and high storage capacity of HDDs, when comparable pure SSD-based storage with the same capacity is too expensive or otherwise unavailable.

NOTE: This partition scheme is tailored towards a desktop computer setup with enough RAM and no SWAP (and therefore no hibernate/suspend-to-disk support).

CAUTION: This setup does NOT utilize LUKS disk encryption.

This guide assumes the following: * `/dev/nvme0n1` is the primary disk (cache device) * `/dev/sda` is the secondary disk (origin device) ## Nomenclature | Term | Description | |----------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | Physical Volume (PV) | On-disk partitioning format to be combined in a VG to a common storage pool | | Volume Group (VG) | Grouping of one or more PVs to provide a combined storage pool from which storage can be requested in the form of LVs. | | Logical Volume (LV) | Logical partition format which can be accessed like a block device to hold file systems and data. | ## Preparing the cache device First the available disks need to be determined. This can easily be achieved with `fdisk`: ~~~bash fdisk -l ~~~ To start the actual partitioning process start `cfdisk` and point it to the **disk** you wish to partition:

WARNING: Make sure to select your actually desired device!

~~~bash cfdisk /dev/nvme0n1 ~~~ Partition the disk in the following way: | FS Type | Size | Mount Point | Comment | |---------|-------------|-------------|------------| | vfat | 1G | /boot | EFI System | | LVM | (remaining) | | Linux LVM | ## Preparing the origin device Partition the disk by starting `cfdisk` and pointing it to the **disk** for the origin device:

WARNING: Make sure to select your actually desired device!

~~~bash cfdisk /dev/sda ~~~ Partition the disk in the following way: | FS Type | Size | Mount Point | Comment | |---------|-------|-------------|-----------| | LVM | (all) | | Linux LVM | ## Creating physical volumes, volume group and logical volumes To create physical volumes as the basis for the LVM setup, use `pvcreate` and point it to the **partitions** you created in the two previous steps: ~~~bash pvcreate /dev/nvme0n1p2 # SSD pvcreate /dev/sda1 # HDD ~~~ Continue by creating a volume group with `vgcreate` that spans both physical volumes you just created:

NOTE: vg0 is used as an example here. Use whatever you like.

~~~bash vgcreate vg0 /dev/nvme0n1p2 /dev/sda1 ~~~ Next, create logical volumes inside the volume group with `lvcreate`, using 100% of the available space on the HDD and specifying the cache pool on the SSD: ~~~bash lvcreate -l 100%FREE -n lv_root vg0 /dev/sda1 lvcreate --type cache-pool -n lv_cache -l 100%FREE vg0 /dev/nvme0n1p2 ~~~ Finally, link the cache pool to the origin device with `lvconvert`: ~~~bash lvconvert --type cache --cachepool vg0/lv_cache vg0/lv_root ~~~ ## Formatting devices Format the partitions with the appropriate `mkfs` subcommand: ~~~bash mkfs.fat -F 32 /dev/nvme0n1p1 # EFI System Partition mkfs.btrfs /dev/mapper/vg0-lv_root # Btrfs root file system ~~~ Mount the root Btrfs file system: ~~~bash mount /dev/mapper/vg0-lv_root /mnt ~~~ Next, create the subvolumes with the `btrfs` user space tools: ~~~bash btrfs subvolume create /mnt/@ btrfs subvolume create /mnt/@home ~~~ Unmount the root file system again: ~~~bash umount -R /mnt ~~~ Mount the `@` subvolume at `/mnt`: ~~~bash mount /dev/mapper/vg0-lv_root -o noatime,compress-force=zstd,space_cache=v2,subvol=@ /mnt ~~~ Create directories for subsequent mount points: ~~~bash mkdir -p /mnt/{boot,home} ~~~ Mount the remaining file systems: ~~~bash mount /dev/nvme0n1p1 /mnt/boot mount /dev/mapper/vg0-lv_root -o noatime,compress-force=zstd,space_cache=v2,subvol=@home /mnt/home ~~~ # LVM on LUKS (encrypted, Laptop) LUKS (Linux Unified Key Setup) is the standard for Linux hard disk encryption. By providing a standard on-disk-format, it does not only facilitate compatibility among distributions, but also provides secure management of multiple user passwords. LUKS stores all necessary setup information in the partition header, enabling to transport or migrate data seamlessly. Management of LUKS encrypted devices is done via the [`cryptsetup`](https://gitlab.com/cryptsetup/cryptsetup) utility. ## Nomenclature | Term | Description | |----------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | Physical Volume (PV) | On-disk partitioning format to be combined in a VG to a common storage pool | | Volume Group (VG) | Grouping of one or more PVs to provide a combined storage pool from which storage can be requested in the form of LVs. | | Logical Volume (LV) | Logical partition format which can be accessed like a block device to hold file systems and data. | ## Partitioning Setup

NOTE: This partitioning scheme does NOT include an LVM cache device.

While it is technically possible to add an LVM cache device to this setup, it is not advised to do so, as this will leak plain text contents of the unlocked LUKS container into the cache, which can be read in a hex editor by opening the raw device file directly — entirely defeating the purpose of encrypting the disk!

A LUKS on LVM setup is recommended instead.

LVM on LUKS has the benefit of being able to encrypt an entire drive (useful for laptops with encrypted swap for resume) while only needing to provide a single passphrase to unlock it entirely for simplicity. However, since the LVM container resides inside the LUKS container it cannot span multiple disks, as it is confined by the boundaries by the parent LUKS container. This guide assumes the following: * This is used on a laptop computer with resume capabilities (Swap partition) * There is only one drive: `/dev/nvme0n1` * The root file system will be btrfs, with subvolumes for `/` and `/home` * To tighten security, this setup assumes a [unified kernel image](https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Systemd-boot#Preparing_a_unified_kernel_image) and booting via [EFISTUB](https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/EFISTUB), with the _ESP_ mounted at `/efi`. [Extra](/books/arch-linux/page/boot-loader) [steps](/books/arch-linux/page/secure-boot) will be necessary to make the machine bootable. ### Preparing the drive 1. List available disks ~~~bash fdisk -l ~~~ 1. Start partitionaing tool for primary disk _(`cfdisk` is a little easier to use as it has a nice TUI)_

WARNING: Make sure to select your actually desired device!

~~~bash cfdisk /dev/nvme0n1 ~~~ 1. Partition with the following scheme | FS Type | Size | Mount Point | Comment | |---------|-------------|-------------|-------------------| | vfat | 1G | `/efi` | EFI System | | LUKS | (remaining) | | Linux file system | ### Creating the LUKS container 1. Create the LUKS container and enter a passphrase

WARNING: Do NOT forget your passphrase! In case of loss you won't be able to access the data inside the container anymore!

~~~bash cryptsetup luksFormat /dev/nvme0n1p2 ~~~ 1. Open the newly created LUKS container

NOTE: cryptlvm is used as an example here. Use whatever you like.

~~~bash cryptsetup open /dev/nvme0n1p2 cryptlvm ~~~ ### Creating LVM inside the LUKS container 1. Create an LVM physical volume inside LUKS container ~~~bash pvcreate /dev/mapper/cryptlvm ~~~ 1. Create the volume group: ~~~bash vgcreate vg0 /dev/mapper/cryptlvm ~~~ 1. Create the logical volumes

NOTE: When using resume, make lv_swap as large as RAM. In this example the machine has 16 GB of RAM.

~~~bash lvcreate -L 16G -n lv_swap vg0 # Swap as big as RAM (16 GB) lvcreate -l 100%FREE -n lv_root vg0 # Root file system ~~~ ### Formatting devices 1. Create partitions ~~~bash mkfs.fat -F 32 /dev/nvme0n1p1 # EFI System Partition mkfs.btrfs /dev/mapper/vg0-lv_root # Btrfs root volume mkswap /dev/mapper/vg0-lv_swap # Swap space ~~~ 1. Create Btrfs subvolumes ~~~bash # First, mount the root file system mount /dev/mapper/vg0-lv_root /mnt # Create subvolumes btrfs subvolume create /mnt/@ btrfs subvolume create /mnt/@home ~~~ 1. Mount partitions ~~~bash # Unmount the root file system umount -R /mnt # Mount the @ subvolume mount /dev/mapper/vg0-lv_root -o noatime,compress-force=zstd,space_cache=v2,subvol=@ /mnt # Create mountpoints mkdir -p /mnt/{efi,home} # Mount the remaining partitions/subvolumes mount /dev/nvme0n1p1 /mnt/efi mount /dev/mapper/vg0-lv_root -o noatime,compress-force=zstd,space_cache=v2,subvol=@home /mnt/home # Activate swap swapon /dev/mapper/vg0-lv_swap ~~~ # LUKS on LVM (encrypted, cached, Desktop) LUKS (Linux Unified Key Setup) is the standard for Linux hard disk encryption. By providing a standard on-disk-format, it does not only facilitate compatibility among distributions, but also provides secure management of multiple user passwords. LUKS stores all necessary setup information in the partition header, enabling to transport or migrate data seamlessly. Management of LUKS encrypted devices is done via the [`cryptsetup`](https://gitlab.com/cryptsetup/cryptsetup) utility. ## Nomenclature | Term | Description | |----------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | Physical Volume (PV) | On-disk partitioning format to be combined in a VG to a common storage pool | | Volume Group (VG) | Grouping of one or more PVs to provide a combined storage pool from which storage can be requested in the form of LVs. | | Logical Volume (LV) | Logical partition format which can be accessed like a block device to hold file systems and data. | | Cache device | Fast storage used for caching reads/writes to slow storage | | Origin device | Slow primary storage holding the actual data | ## Partitioning Setup LUKS on LVM has the benefit of a LUKS container being able to span multiple disks, thanks to the machanisms of the underlying LVM. This, however, comes with the downside that if you want to have multiple volumes (e.g. for your root volume and a separate home volume or encrypted SWAP) you will have to take extra steps to unlock these volumes during the boot process.

NOTE: If you want to utilize LVM cache this is the desired partioning scheme to use, as the encrypted LUKS container will reside inside an LVM LV and the LVM caching mechanism will cache the LV instead of the unlocked LUKS container, thus not leaking any secrets into the cache.

This guide assumes the following: * This is used on a desktop computer without the need to resume (no SWAP partition) * There are multiple drives: `/dev/nvme0n1` (SSD) and `/dev/sda` (HDD) * The HDD will be cached by the SSD * The root file system will be btrfs, with subvolumes for `/` and `/home` * To tighten security, this setup assumes a [unified kernel image](https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Systemd-boot#Preparing_a_unified_kernel_image) and booting via [EFISTUB](https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/EFISTUB), with the _ESP_ mounted at `/efi`. [Extra](/books/arch-linux/page/boot-loader) [steps](/books/arch-linux/page/secure-boot) will be necessary to make the machine bootable. ### Preparing partition layout Start by listing available disks: ~~~bash fdisk -l ~~~ Create a partition layout with `cfdisk` by pointing it to the first disk, e.g. `/dev/nvme0n1`:

ATTENTION: cfdisk expects a device file, not a partition.

~~~bash cfdisk /dev/nvme0n1 ~~~ If `cfdisk` asks you about the partition table scheme to use, select `gpt`. Create the following partition layout: | FS Type | Size | Mount Point | Comment | |---------|-------------|-------------|------------| | vfat | 1G | /efi | EFI System | | LVM | (remaining) | | Linux LVM | Start `cfdisk` for the second disk, e.g. `/dev/sda`: ~~~bash cfdisk /dev/sda ~~~ Create the following partition layout: | FS Type | Size | Mount Point | Comment | |---------|-------|-------------|-----------| | LVM | (all) | | Linux LVM | ### Setting up LVM Start by creating LVM PVs on the partitions we just laid out: ~~~bash pvcreate /dev/nvme0n1p2 # SSD pvcreate /dev/sda1 # HDD ~~~ Next, create a VG spanning both PVs:

NOTE: vg0 is used as an example here. Name your VG whatever you like.

~~~bash vgcreate vg0 /dev/nvme0n1p2 /dev/sda1 ~~~ Create an LV inside `vg0`, using 100% of the available space on the PV at `/dev/sda1` and label it `lv_root`: ~~~bash lvcreate -l 100%FREE -n lv_root vg0 /dev/sda1 ~~~ Create an LV inside `vg0`, using 100% of the available space on the PV at `/dev/nvme0n1p2` and label it `lv_cache`: ~~~bash lvcreate -l 100%FREE -n lv_cache --type cache-pool vg0 /dev/nvme0n1p2 ~~~ Finally, link both LVs together so that the LV on the HDD is being cached by the pool on the SSD: ~~~bash lvconvert --type cache --cachepool vg0/lv_cache vg0/lv_root ~~~ ### Creating the LUKS container Create the LUKS container inside the LV of the origin device:

WARNING: Do NOT forget your passphrase! In case of loss you won't be able to access the data inside the container anymore!

~~~bash cryptsetup luksFormat /dev/mapper/vg0-lv_root ~~~ Open the newly created LUKS container and supply the passphrase you just set:

NOTE: cryptroot is used as an example here. Use whatever you like.

~~~bash cryptsetup open /dev/mapper/vg0-lv_root cryptroot ~~~ ### Formatting and mounting partitions Create file systems for the ESP and the root file system: ~~~bash mkfs.fat -F 32 /dev/nvme0n1p1 mkfs.btrfs /dev/mapper/cryptroot ~~~ Mount the root btrfs file system and create the subvolumes: ~~~bash mount /dev/mapper/cryptroot /mnt btrfs subvolume create /mnt/@ btrfs subvolume create /mnt/@home ~~~ Unmount the root btrfs file system: ~~~bash umount -R /mnt ~~~ Mount the `@` subvolume: ~~~bash mount /dev/mapper/cryptroot -o noatime,compress-force=zstd,space_cache=v2,subvol=@ /mnt ~~~ Create mount points for `/efi` and `/home`: ~~~bash mkdir -p /mnt/{efi,home} ~~~ Mount the remaining partitions and subvolumes: ~~~bash mount /dev/nvme0n1p1 /mnt/efi mount /dev/mapper/cryptroot -o noatime,compress-force=zstd,space_cache=v2,subvol=@home /mnt/home ~~~ # Installation Laying the foundation # Base System ## Setting up mirrors The Arch installation environment comes with `reflector`, a tool that generates mirror lists for `pacman`. At boot time, `reflector` is executed once to include the most recently synced mirrors and sorts them by download rate. This file will be copied to the installation destination later on. `reflector` allows for a few filtering options: | Filter | Description | | ------------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | `--age n` | Only return mirrors that have synchronized in the last _n_ hours. | | `--country NAME` | Restrict mirrors to selected countries, e.g. `France,Germany` (check available with `--list-countries`) | | `--fastest n` | Return the _n_ fastest mirrors that meet the other criteria. Do not use without filters! | | `--latest n` | Limit the list to the _n_ most recently synchronized servers. | | `--score n` | Limit the list to the _n_ servers with the highest score. | | `--number n` | Return at most _n_ mirrors. | | `--protocol PROTO` | Restrict protocol used by mirrors. Either `https`, `http`, `ftp` or a combination (comma-separated) | To have `reflector` generate a list of mirrors from Germany, which synced in the past 12 hours and use HTTPS for transfer: ~~~bash reflector --country Germany --age 12 --protocol https --save /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist ~~~ ## Parallel downloads By default, `pacman` downloads packages one-by-one. If you have a fast internet connection, you can configure `pacman` to download packages in parallel, which can speed up installation significantly. Open `/etc/pacman.conf`, uncomment the line `#ParallelDownloads = 5` and set it to a value of your preference: ~~~ ... # Misc options #UseSyslog #Color #NoProgressBar CheckSpace #VerbosePkgLists ParallelDownloads = 10 #DisableSandbox ... ~~~ Alternatively, replace the settings directly with `sed` (e.g. setting 10 parallel downloads at a time): ~~~bash sed -i "/etc/pacman.conf" -e "s|^#ParallelDownloads.*|&\nParallelDownloads = 10|" ~~~ ## Installing base packages The absolute minimum set of packages required to install Arch Linux onto a machine is as follows: ~~~bash pacstrap /mnt base linux linux-firmware ~~~ However, this selection lacks the tooling required for file systems, RAID, LVM, special firmware for devices not included with `linux-firmware`, networking software, a text editor or packages necessary to access documentation. It also lacks CPU microcode packages with stability and security updates. The following table contains additional packages you most likely want to append to the above `pacstrap` command: | Package | Description | |------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | `base` | Absolute essentials **(required)** | | `linux` | Vanilla Linux kernel and modules, with a few patches applied **(required)** | | `linux-hardened` | A security-focused Linux kernel applying a set of hardening patches to mitigate kernel and userspace exploits | | `linux-lts` | Long-term support (LTS) Linux kernel and modules | | `linux-zen` | Result of a collaborative effort of kernel hackers to provide the best Linux kernel possible for everyday systems | | `linux-firmware` | Device firmware files, e.g. WiFi **(required)** | | `intel-ucode` | Intel CPU microcode **(required, if on Intel)** | | `amd-ucode` | AMD CPU microcode **(required, if on AMD)** | | `btrfs-progs` | Userspace tools to manage btrfs filesystems | | `dosfstools` | Userspace tools to manage FAT filesystems | | `exfatprogs` | Userspace tools to manage exFAT filesystems | | `f2fs-tools` | Userspace tools to manage F2FS filesystems | | `e2fsprogs` | Userspace tools to manage ext2/3/4 filesystems | | `jfsutils` | Userspace tools to manage JFS filesystems | | `nilfs-utils` | Userspace tools to manage NILFS2 filesystems | | `ntfs-3g` | Userspace tools to manage NTFS filesystems | | `udftools` | Userspace tools to manage UDF filesystems | | `xfsprogs` | Userspace tools to manage XFS filesystems | | `lvm2` | Userspace tools for Logical Volume Management | | `cryptsetup` | Userspace tools for encrypting storage devices (LUKS) | | `networkmanager` | Comprehensive network management and configuration suite | | `nano` | Console text editor | | `man` | Read documentation (**man**uals) | | `sudo` | Execute commands with elevated privileges |

CAUTION: If you have an AMD CPU, include the amd-ucode package. If you have an Intel CPU, include the intel-ucode package!

ATTENTION: Include the cryptsetup package if you've encrypted your disks!

A desireable selection of packages for a base system with an AMD CPU, btrfs filesystem, UEFI ESP, LUKS disk encryption, a basic text editor, a network manager and tools for system maintenance as regular user would look something like this: ~~~bash pacstrap /mnt base linux linux-firmware amd-ucode btrfs-progs dosfstools cryptsetup nano networkmanager sudo ~~~ Generate the `fstab` containing information about which storage devices should be mounted at boot: ~~~bash # Generate fstab referencing UUIDs of devices/partitions genfstab -U /mnt >> /mnt/etc/fstab ~~~ Switch into the newly installed system with `arch-chroot` and continue setting it up: ~~~bash arch-chroot /mnt ~~~ # Time Zone & Locale ## Time zone Create a symbolic link to your local time zone at `/etc/localtime` and sync the time with the local hardware clock: ~~~bash ln -sf /usr/share/zoneinfo/Europe/Berlin /etc/localtime hwclock --systohc ~~~ ## Localization Edit `/etc/locale.gen` and uncomment `en_US.UTF-8 UTF-8` and other desired locales (prefer UTF-8): ~~~bash nano /etc/locale.gen ~~~

NOTE: You can search in nano using CTRL + W.

Generate the locales by running: ~~~bash locale-gen ~~~ Set which locales and keyboard layout the system should use for messages and documentation (`man` pages): ~~~bash echo "LANG=de_DE.UTF-8" > /etc/locale.conf echo "KEYMAP=de-latin1" > /etc/vconsole.conf ~~~ # Network Set up the default host name of the machine as well as `localhost`:

NOTE: sebin-desktop is used as an example here. Set $HOSTNAME to whatever you like.

~~~bash # Define an environment variable containing the desired hostname export HOSTNAME='sebin-desktop' # Set the hostname of the machine echo "$HOSTNAME" > /etc/hostname # Set localhost to resolve to the machine's loopback address echo "127.0.0.1 localhost" >> /etc/hosts echo "::1 localhost" >> /etc/hosts echo "127.0.1.1 $HOSTNAME.localdomain $HOSTNAME" >> /etc/hosts ~~~ ## Set wireless region If your machine has Wi-Fi it is advisable to set the region for wireless radio waves to comply with local regulations: ~~~bash # Install crda pacman -S iw # Set the wireless region, e.g. Germany iw reg set DE ~~~ ## Network manager Previously we installed NetworkManager as our default network mangaging software. GNOME and KDE have out of the box support for managing network connections in their settings dialogs in a graphical manner. Both rely on NetworkManager. Enable NetworkManager to start at boot: ~~~bash systemctl enable NetworkManager ~~~ ### Using `iwd` as the Wi-Fi backend (optional) By default NetworkManager uses `wpa_supplicant` for managing Wi-Fi connections. `iwd` (iNet wireless daemon) is a wireless daemon for Linux written by Intel. The core goal of the project is to optimize resource utilization by not depending on any external libraries and instead utilizing features provided by the Linux Kernel to the maximum extent possible. To enable the [experimental iwd backend](https://iwd.wiki.kernel.org/networkmanager), first install `iwd` and then create the following configuration file: ~~~bash mkdir /etc/NetworkManager/conf.d nano /etc/NetworkManager/conf.d/wifi_backend.conf ~~~ With the following contents: ~~~ [device] wifi.backend=iwd ~~~ ## `systemd-resolved` for DNS name resolution `systemd-resolved` is a `systemd` service that provides network name resolution to local applications via a D-Bus interface, the `resolve` NSS service, and a local DNS stub listener on `127.0.0.53`. Benefits of using `systemd-resolved` include: * `resolvectl` as the primary single command for interfacing with the network name resolver service * A system-wide DNS cache for speeding up subsequent name resolution requests * Split DNS when using VPNs, which can help in preventing DNS leaks when connecting to multiple VPNs (See [Fedora Wiki](https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Changes/systemd-resolved#Benefit_to_Fedora) for a detailed explenation why this is important) * Integrated DNSSEC capabilities to verify the authenticity and integrity of name resolution requests, e.g. to prevent [cache poisoning/DNS hijacking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNS_hijacking) * DNS over TLS for further securing name resolution requests by encrypting them, improving privacy (not to be confused with DNS over HTTPS) To use `systemd-resolved` enable the respective unit: ~~~bash systemctl enable systemd-resolved ~~~ To provide domain name resolution for software that reads `/etc/resolv.conf` directly, such as web browsers and GnuPG, `systemd-resolved` has four different modes for handling the file * stub * static * uplink * foreign The recommende mode is stub, which uses `/run/systemd/resolve/stub-resolv.conf`, and contains the local stub `127.0.0.53` as the only DNS server and a list of search domains.

ATTENTION: A few notes about setting this up:

This propagates the `systemd-resolved` managed configuration to all clients. To use it, replace `/etc/resolv.conf` with a symbolic link to it: ~~~bash ln -sf ../run/systemd/resolve/stub-resolv.conf /etc/resolv.conf ~~~ When set up this way, NetworkManager automatically picks up `systemd-resolved` for network name resolution. ### Fallback DNS servers If `systemd-resolved` does not receive DNS server addresses from the network manager and no DNS servers are configured manually then `systemd-resolved` falls back to the fallback DNS addresses to ensure that DNS resolution always works. The fallback order is: 1. Cloudflare 1. Quad9 (without filtering and without DNSSEC) 1. Google

ATTENTION: Depending on your use-case, you might not want to route all your DNS traffic through the pre-determined fallback servers for privacy reasons. Do your own research on fallback DNS servers that you want to trust.

Fallback addresses can be manually set in a drop-in config file, e.g. `/etc/systemd/resolved.conf.d/fallback_dns.conf`: ~~~ [Resolve] FallbackDNS=127.0.0.1 ::1 ~~~ To disable the fallback DNS functionality set the `FallbackDNS` option without specifying any addresses: ~~~ [Resolve] FallbackDNS= ~~~ ### DNSSEC

WARNING: DNSSEC support in systemd-resolved is considered experimental and incomplete.

DNSSEC is a suite of extensions to the DNS system. Benefits of utilizing DNSSEC include authentication and data integrity, *but not **encryption***. For actually encrypting your DNS traffic, see the section below. `systemd-resolved` can be configured to use DNSSEC for validation of DNS requests. It can be configured in three modes: | Setting | Description | |-------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | `allow-downgrade` | Validate DNSSEC only if the upstream DNS server supports it | | `true` | Always validate DNSSEC, breaking DNS resolution if the server does not support it | | `false` | Disable DNSSEC validation entirely | Set up DNSSEC in a drop-in config file, e.g. `/etc/systemd/resolved.conf.d/dnssec.conf`: ~~~ [Resolve] DNSSEC=allow-downgrade ~~~ ### DNS over TLS DNS over TLS is a security protocol for encrypting DNS queries and responses via Transport Layer Security (TLS), thereby increasing privacy and security by preventing eavesdropping and manipulation of DNS requests in man-in-the-middle attack scenarios. DNS over TLS in `systemd-resolved` is disabled by default. To enable validation of your DNS provider's server certificate, include their hostname in the `DNS` setting in the format `ip_address#hostname` and set `DNSOverTLS` to one of three modes: | Setting | Description | |-----------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | `opportunistic` | Attempt DNS over TLS when possible and fall back to unencrypted DNS if the server does not support it | | `true` | Always use DNS over TLS, breaking resolution if the server does not support it | | `false` | Disable DNS over TLS entirely |

ATTENTION: When setting DNSOverTLS=opportunistic systemd-resolved will try to use DNS over TLS and if the server does not support it fall back to regular DNS. Note, however, that this opens you to "downgrade" attacks, where an attacker might be able to trigger a downgrade to non-encrypted mode by synthesizinig a response that suggests DNS over TLS was not supported.

WARNING: If setting DNSOverTLS=yes and the server provided in DNS= does not support DNS over TLS all DNS requests will fail!

Set up DNS over TLS in a drop-in config file, e.g. `/etc/systemd/resolved.conf.d/dns_over_tls.conf`: ~~~ [Resolve] DNS=9.9.9.9#dns.quad9.net 149.112.112.112#dns.quad9.net [2620:fe::fe]#dns.quad9.net [2620:fe::9]#dns.quad9.net DNSOverTLS=yes ~~~ ### Multicast DNS `systemd-resolved` is capable of working as a [multicast DNS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multicast_DNS) (mDNS) resolver and responder. The resolver provides hostname resolution using a "*hostname*.local" naming scheme. mDNS support in `systemd-resolved` is enabled by default. For a given connection, mDNS will only be activated if both mDNS in `systemd-resolved` is enabled, and if the configuration for the currently active network manager enables mDNS for the connection. The `MulticastDNS` setting in `systemd-resolved` can be set to one of the following: | Setting | Description | |-----------|-------------------------------------------------------------| | `resolve` | Only enables resolution support, but responding is disabled | | `true` | Enables full mDNS responder and resolver support | | `false` | Disables both mDNS responder and resolver |

ATTENTION: If you plan on using systemd-resolved as mDNS resolver and responder consider the following:

To enable mDNS for a connection managed by NetworkManager tell `nmcli` to modify an existing connection: ~~~bash nmcli connection modify CONNECTION_NAME connection.mdns yes ~~~

TIP: The default for all NetworkManager connections can be set by creating a configuration file in /etc/NetworkManager/conf.d/ and setting connection.mdns=2 (equivalent to "yes") in the [connection] section.

[connection]
connection.mdns=2
## Avahi Avahi implements zero-configuration networking (zeroconf), allowing for multicast DNS/DNS-SD service discovery. This enables programs to publish and discover services and hosts running on a local network, e.g. network file sharing servers, remote audio devices, network printers, etc. Some desktop environments pull in the `avahi` package as a dependency. It enables their file manager to scan the network for services and make them easily accessible.

ATTENTION: If you plan on using avahi as mDNS resolver and responder consider the following:

Avahi provides local hostname resolution using a "*hostname*.local" naming scheme. To use it, install the `avahi` and `nss-mdns` package and enable Avahi: ~~~bash pacman -S avahi nss-mdns systemctl enable avahi-daemon ~~~ Then, edit the file `/etc/nsswitch.conf` and change the `hosts` line to include `mdns_minimal [NOTFOUND=return]` before `resolve` and `dns`: 
hosts: mymachines mdns_minimal [NOTFOUND=return] resolve [!UNAVAIL=return] files myhostname dns
To discover services running in your local network: ~~~bash avahi-browse --all --ignore-local --resolve --terminate ~~~ To query a specific host for the services it advertises: ~~~bash avahi-resolve-host-name hostname.local ~~~ Avahi also includes the `avahi-discover` graphical utility that lists the various services on your network. # Root Password Set the password for the `root` user: ~~~bash passwd ~~~ This password schould differ from the regular user password for security reasons. In the case of system recovery operations the `root` user comes into play, e.g. when the kernel fails to mount the root file system or system maintenance via `chroot` is needed. # sudo `sudo` is the standard tool for gaining temporary system administrator privileges on Linux to perform administrative tasks. This eliminates the need to change the current user to `root` to perform these tasks. To allow regular users to execute commands with elevated privileges, the configuration for `sudo` needs to be modified to allow this. `sudo` supports configuration drop-in files in `/etc/sudoers.d/`. Using these makes it easy to modularize the configuration and remove offending files, if something goes wrong.

TIP: File names starting with . or ~ will get ignored. Use this to turn off certain configuration settings if you need to.

WARNING: Drop-in files are just as fragile as /etc/sudoers! It is therefore strongly advised to always use visudo when creating or editing sudo config files, as it will check for syntax errors. Failing to do so will risk rendering sudo inoperable!

Create a new drop-in file at: ~~~bash EDITOR=nano visudo /etc/sudoers.d/01_wheel ~~~ The contents of the drop-in file are as follows: ~~~ ## Allow members of group wheel to execute any command %wheel ALL=(ALL:ALL) ALL ~~~ Save and exit. Now every user who is in the `wheel` user group is allowed to run any command as `root`. # zsh `zsh` is a modern shell with lots of customizability and features. Install the following packages: ~~~bash pacman -S zsh zsh-autosuggestions zsh-completions zsh-history-substring-search zsh-syntax-highlighting ~~~ | Package | Description | |--------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | `zsh-autosuggestions` | Suggests commands as you type based on history and completions | | `zsh-completions` | Additional completion definitions for `zsh` | | `zsh-history-substring-search` | Type any part of any command from history and cycle through matches | | `zsh-syntax-highlighting` | Highlights commands whilst they are typed, helping in reviewing commands before running them | # Add User It is advised to add a regular user account for day to day usage. Add a new user, create a home directory, add them to the wheel group, set their default shell to zsh: ~~~bash useradd -mG wheel -s /bin/zsh sebin ~~~ Set a password for the new user: ~~~bash passwd sebin ~~~ # AUR Helper An AUR helper is a tool that automates the process of installing packages from the [Arch User Repository](https://aur.archlinux.org/). It does this by automating the following tasks: * search the AUR for published packages * resolve dependencies for AUR packages * retrieval and build of AUR packages * show user comments * submission of AUR packages AUR packages are distributed in the form of `PKGBUILD`s that contain information on how the package needs to be built, what dependencies is needs and all the usual metadata associated with every other Arch Linux package. [Arch Wiki](https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/AUR_helpers) has a list of AUR helpers with comparison tables ## Installation The installation procedure for any AUR helper is largely the same, as they are all published on the AUR itself. Building packages from the AUR manually will at minimum require the `base-devel` and `git` packages: ~~~bash pacman -S base-devel git ~~~

ATTENTION: If you'rere currently logged in as the root user, you need to switch to a regular user profile with su username, as makepkg will not allow you to run it as root.

Change to a temporary directory, clone the AUR helper of your choice with `git`, change into the newly created directory and call `makepkg` to build and install it, e.g. `yay`: ~~~bash cd /tmp git clone https://aur.archlinux.org/yay cd yay makepkg -si ~~~ `makepkg -si` will prompt you to install any missing dependencies for your chosen AUR helper, i.e. `go` for `yay`, `rust` for `paru`, etc. and call `pacman` to install the helper for you after the build has finished. ## Configuration `makepkg` can be configured to make better use of available system resources, improving build times and efficiency. One of these optimizations is instructing `makepkg` to pass specific options to compilers. You can either edit the main configuration file of `makepkg` at `/etc/makepkg.conf` or supply a drop-in config file in `/etc/makepkg.conf.d/*.conf` — the latter is recommended in case building starts to act strangely and you want to quickly be able to revert changes by deleting drop-in config files. ### Optimizing builds By default, `makepkg` is configured to produce generic builds of software packages. Since `makepkg` will mostly be used to build packages for your own personal machine, compiler options can be tweaked to produce optimized builds for the machine they're getting built on. For example, create a drop-in config file `/etc/makepkg.conf.d/cflags.conf` with the following contents: ~~~bash CFLAGS="-march=native -O2 -pipe -fno-plt -fexceptions \ -Wp,-D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=3 -Wformat -Werror=format-security \ -fstack-clash-protection -fcf-protection \ -fno-omit-frame-pointer -mno-omit-leaf-frame-pointer" ~~~ This will cause GCC to automatically detect and enable safe architecture-specific optimizations. The same thing can be applied to the Rust compiler. There is already a drop-in config file at `/etc/makepkg.conf.d/rust.conf` that can be edited: ~~~bash RUSTFLAGS="-C opt-level=2 -C target-cpu=native" ~~~ The `opt-level` parameter can be set to different values ranging in different levels of optimizations that will have an impact on build time. See the [Rust docs](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rustc/codegen-options/index.html#opt-level) for details. Additionally, the `make` build system can also be optimized with the `MAKEFLAGS` variable. One such optimization is to increase the number of jobs that can run simultaneously. Create a drop-in config file `/etc/makepkg.conf.d/make.conf` with the following contents: ~~~bash MAKEFLAGS="--jobs=$(nproc)" ~~~ This will prompt `make` to utilize the maximum number of CPU cores to run build jobs.

ATTENTION: Some PKGBUILDs specifically override this with -j1, because of race conditions in certain versions or simply because it is not supported in the first place. If a package fails to build you should report this to the package maintainer.

### Prevent build of `-debug` packages By default, `makepkg` is configured to also generate debug symbol packages. This affects all AUR helpers. To turn this behavior off, modify the `OPTIONS` array by either removing the `debug` option or disabling it with a `!` in front of it: ~~~bash OPTIONS=(strip docs !libtool !staticlibs emptydirs zipman purge !debug lto) ~~~ ### Using the mold linker `mold` is a drop-in replacement for `ld`/`lld` linkers, which claims to be significantly faster. To use `mold`, append `-fuse-ld=mold` to `LDFLAGS`: ~~~bash LDFLAGS="-Wl,-O1 -Wl,--sort-common -Wl,--as-needed -Wl,-z,relro -Wl,-z,now \ -Wl,-z,pack-relative-relocs -fuse-ld=mold" ~~~ This also needs to be passed to `RUSTFLAGS`: ~~~bash RUSTFLAGS="-C opt-level=2 -C target-cpu=native -C link-arg=-fuse-ld=mold" ~~~ ### Compression options By default, `makepkg` will compress built packages with zstd. This is controlled by the `PKGEXT` variable. The compression algorithm used is inferred from the archive extension. To speed up the packaging process, you might consider turning off the compression at the expense of increased storage usage in the package cache: ~~~bash PKGEXT='.pkg.tar' ~~~ If you need to conserve space, consider keeping compression enabled, but increasing the number of utilized cores by telling `zstd` to count logical cores instead of physical ones with `--auto-threads=logical`: ~~~bash COMPRESSZST=(zstd -c -T0 --auto-threads=logical -) ~~~ You can also increase the level of compression applied at the expense of longer packaging time, ranging from 1 (weakest) to 19 (strongest), default is 3: ~~~bash COMPRESSZST=(zstd -c -T0 -19 --auto-threads=logical -) ~~~ Or use the LZ4 algorithm, which is optimized for speed: ~~~bash PKGEXT='.pkg.tar.lz4' ~~~ ### Build entirely in RAM You can pass `makepkg` a different directory for building packages. Since building causes a lot of rapid small file access, performance could be improved by moving this process to a `tmpfs` location that is held entirely in RAM. The variable `BUILDDIR` can be used to instruct `makepkg` to build packages in another location: ~~~bash BUILDDIR=/tmp/makepkg ~~~ Since `/tmp` is such a `tmpfs` files in this directory are held in RAM. Building packages completely in RAM can therefore speed up data access and help preserve the durability of flash-based storage mediums like SSDs. # initramfs The initramfs contains all the necessary programs and config files needed to bring up the machine, mount the root file system and hand off the rest of the boot process to the installed system. It can be further customized with additional modules, binaries, files and hooks for special use cases and hardware. ## Usage ### Automated image generation Every kernel in Arch Linux comes with its own *.preset* file stored in `/etc/mkinitcpio.d/` with configuration presets for `mkinitcpio`. Pacman hooks build a new image after every kernel upgrade or installation of a new kernel. ### Manual image generation To manually generate a Linux kernel image issue the following command: ~~~bash mkinitcpio -p linux ~~~ This will generate a new kernel image with the settings of the preset file `/etc/mkinitcpio.d/linux.preset`. To generate kernel images with every preset available, pass the `-P` argument: ~~~bash mkinitcpio -P ~~~ ## Configuration To customize your initramfs, place drop-in configuration files into `/etc/mkinitcpio.conf.d/`. They will override the settings in the main configuration file at `/etc/mkinitcpio.conf`. An overview of the settings you can customize: | Setting | Type | Description | |-----------------------|--------|---------------------------------------------------------------| | `MODULES` | Array | Kernel modules to be loaded before any boot hooks are run. | | `BINARIES` | Array | Additional binaries you want included in the initramfs image. | | `FILES` | Array | Additional files you want included in the initramfs image. | | `HOOKS` | Array | Hooks are scripts that execute in the initial ramdisk. | | `COMPRESSION` | String | Which tool to use for compressing the image. | | `COMPRESSION_OPTIONS` | Array | Extra arguments to pass to the `COMPRESSION` tool. |

WARNING: Do not use the COMPRESSION_OPTIONS setting, unless you know exactly what you are doing. Misuse can produce unbootable images!

### `MODULES` The `MODULES` array is used to specify modules to load before anything else is done. Here you can specify additional kernel modules needed in early userspace, e.g. file system modules (`ext2`, `reiser4`, `btrfs`), keyboard drivers (`usbhid`, `hid_apple`, etc.), USB 3 hubs (`xhci_hcd`) or "out-of-tree" modules which are not part of the Linux kernel (mainly NVIDIA GPU drivers). It is also needed to add modules for hardware devices that are not always connected but you would like to be operational from the very start if they are connected during boot.

HINT: If you don't know the name of the driver of a device, lshw can tell you what hardware uses which driver, e.g.:

*-usb:2
             description: USB controller
             product: Tiger Lake-LP USB 3.2 Gen 2x1 xHCI Host Controller
             vendor: Intel Corporation
             physical id: 14
             bus info: pci@0000:00:14.0
             version: 20
             width: 64 bits
             clock: 33MHz
             capabilities: xhci bus_master cap_list
         ->  configuration: driver=xhci_hcd latency=0
             resources: iomemory:600-5ff irq:163 memory:603f260000-603f26ffff

The second to last line starting with configuration shows the driver being used.

Example of a `MODULES` array that adds two modules to the generated image needed for keyboard input, if the keyboard is connected to a USB 3 hub, e.g. a docking station: ~~~bash MODULES=(xhci_hcd usbhid) ~~~

CAUTION: Keep in mind that adding to the initramfs increases the size of the resulting image on disk. Unless you have created your boot partition (more specifically the EFI System partition at either /efi, /boot or /boot/efi) with generous space, you should limit yourself to modules strictly needed for your system. The autodetect hook tries to detect all currently loaded modules of the running system to determine the needed modules to include by default. Only include additional modules if something doesn't work as expected.

ATTENTION: If you use an NVIDIA graphics card, the following modules are required in the MODULES array for early KMS:

MODULES=(nvidia nvidia_modeset nvidia_uvm nvidia_drm)
### `BINARIES` The `BINARIES` array holds the name of extra executables needed to boot the system. It can also be used to replace binaries provided by `HOOKS`. The executable names are sourced from the `PATH` evironment variable, associated libraries are added as well. Example of a `BINARIES` array that adds the `kexec` binary: ~~~bash BINARIES=(kexec) ~~~ This option usually only needs to be set for special use cases, e.g. when there's a binary you need included that is not already part of a member in the `HOOKS` array. ### `FILES` The `FILES` array holds the full path to arbitrary files for inclusion in the image. Example of a module configuration file to be included in the image, containting the names of modules to auto-load and optional module parameters: ~~~bash FILES=(/etc/modprobe.d/modprobe.conf) ~~~ This option usually only needs to be set for special use cases. ### `HOOKS` The `HOOKS` array is the most important setting in the file. Hooks are small scripts which describe what will be added to the image. Hooks are referred to by their name, and executed in the order they are listed in the `HOOKS` array.

HINT: For a full list of availble hooks run:

mkinitcpio -L

See the help text for a hook with:

mkinitcpio -H hook_name
The default `HOOKS` line in `/etc/mkinitcpio.conf` is as follows: ~~~bash HOOKS=(base udev autodetect microcode modconf kms keyboard keymap consolefont block filesystems fsck) ~~~ This creates a basic image suitable for most single disk systems. A quick overview of the hooks and their meaning: | Hook | Description | |---------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | `base` | Sets up all initial directories and installs base utilities and libraries. | | `udev` | Adds the udev device manager to scan and set up devices. Recommended for simple boot process. | | `autodetect` | Trims hooks after that come after to only include modules that are needed for the current system. Keeps image slim. | | `microcode` | Includes CPU microcode updates in the image. | | `modconf` | Includes module configuration files from `/etc/modprobe.d/` and `/usr/lib/modprobe.d/`. | | `kms` | Adds modules to bring up graphics cards as early as possible in the boot process. | | `keyboard` | Adds modules for keyboards. **Required** for keyboard input in early userspace. | | `keymap` | Adds the specified keymap(s) from `/etc/vconsole.conf`. | | `consolefont` | Adds the specified console font from `/etc/vconsole.conf`. | | `block` | Adds block device modules needed to bring up different kinds of storage devices. | | `filesystems` | Adds file system modules. **Required** unless file system modules are specified in `MODULES`. | | `fsck` | Adds tools for checking file systems before they are mounted. **Strongly recommended!** | #### busybox By default, `mkinitcpio` will generate a busybox-based initramfs. It starts an init script that scans the filesystem of the initramfs for scripts to execute and bring up the system and hand over the remaining boot process to systemd once the root file system is mounted. This is fine for most use-cases. For special cases some additional hooks may be required for busybox to bring up the machine properly: | Hook | Description | |--------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | `usr` | Needed for when you have `/usr` on a separate partition | | `resume` | Needed for suspend-to-disk (hibernation) support | | `btrfs` | Needed for btrfs file systems that span multiple drives, needs the `btrfs-progs` package installed | | `net` | Needed for booting from a network drive, needs the `mkinitcpio-nfs-utils` package installed | | `dmraid` | Needed for fakeRAID (BIOS RAID) root devices, needs the `dmraid` package installed | | `mdadm_udev` | Needed for assembling RAID arrays via udev (software RAID), needs the `mdadm` package installed | | `encrypt` | Needed for booting from an encrypted file system, needs the `cryptsetup` package installed | | `lvm2` | Needed for booting a system that is on LVM, needs the `lvm2` package installed | One such special case is encryption, which would result in a `HOOKS` array that looks like this:

ATTENTION: The order in which hooks are placed in the array is important!

~~~bash HOOKS=(base udev autodetect microcode modconf kms keyboard keymap consolefont block encrypt filesystems fsck) ~~~

ATTENTION: In some cases it might be necessary to place the keyboard hook before the autodetect hook to be able to enter the passphrase to unlock the encrypted file systems, e.g. when using different keyboards requiring a different module from the one in use at the time of building the initramfs.

#### systemd If you wish, you can also make systemd bring the whole system up start to finish. In this case bootup will be handled by systemd unit files instead of scripts. The benefit of this is faster boot times and some additional features not available to a busybox-based intiramfs, e.g. unlocking LUKS encrypted file systems with a TPM or FIDO2 token and automatic detection and mounting of partitions with the appropriate GUID Partition Table (GPT) UUIDs (see: [Discoverable Partition Specification](https://uapi-group.org/specifications/specs/discoverable_partitions_specification/)). To instruct `mkinitcpio` to build a systemd-based initramfs: * replace the `udev` hook with the `systemd` hook * replace the `keymap` and `consolefont` hooks with the `sd-vconsole` hook The resulting `HOOKS` array should look something like this: ~~~ HOOKS=(base systemd autodetect microcode modconf kms keyboard sd-vconsole block filesystems fsck) ~~~ For special cases some additional hooks may be required for systemd to bring up the machine properly: | Hook | Description | |--------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | `mdadm_udev` | Needed for assembling RAID arrays via udev (software RAID), needs the `mdadm` package installed | | `sd-encrypt` | Needed for booting from an encrypted file system, needs the `cryptsetup` package installed | | `lvm2` | Needed for booting a system that is on LVM, needs the `lvm2` package installed | One such special case is encryption, which would result in a `HOOKS` array that looks like this:

ATTENTION: The order in which hooks are placed in the array is important!

~~~bash HOOKS=(base systemd autodetect microcode modconf kms keyboard sd-vconsole block sd-encrypt filesystems fsck) ~~~

ATTENTION: In some cases it might be necessary to place the keyboard hook before the autodetect hook to be able to enter the passphrase to unlock the encrypted file systems, e.g. when using different keyboards requiring a different module from the one in use at the time of building the initramfs.

### `COMPRESSION` The `COMPRESSION` option instructs `mkinitcpio` to compress the resulting images to save on space on the EFI System Partition or `/boot` partition. This can be especially important if you include a lot of modules and hooks and the size of the image grows. Compressing the initramfs is a tradeoff between: * time it takes to compress the image * space saved * time it takes the kernel to decompress the image during boot Which one you choose is something you have to decide on the constraints you're working with (slow/fast CPU, available cores, RAM usage, disk space), but generally speaking the default `zstd` compression strikes a good balance. | Algorithm | Description | |-----------|---------------------------------------------------------------------| | `cat` | Uncompressed | | `zstd` | Best tradeoff between de-/compression time and image size (default) | | `gzip` | Balanced between speed and size, acceptable performance | | `bzip2` | Rarely used, decent compression, resource conservative | | `lzma` | Very small size, slow to compress | | `xz` | Smallest size at longer compression time, RAM intensive compression | | `lzop` | Slightly better compression than lz4, still fast to decompress | | `lz4` | Fast decompression, slow compression, "largest" compressed output |

NOTE: See this article for a comprehensive comparison between compression algorithms.

### `COMPRESSION_OPTIONS`

WARNING: Misuse of this option may lead to an unbootable system if the kernel is unable to unpack the resultant archive. Do not set this option unless you're absolutely sure that you have to!

The `COMPRESSION_OPTIONS` setting allows you to pass additional parameters for the compression tool. Available parameters depend on the algorithm chosen for the `COMPRESSION` option. Refer to the tool's manual for available options. If left empty `mkinitcpio` will make sure it always produces a working image. # zram The zram kernel module provides a compressed block device in RAM. If you use it as swap device, the RAM can hold much more information but uses more CPU. Still, it is much quicker than swapping to a hard drive. If a system often falls back to swap, this could improve responsiveness. Using zram is also a good way to reduce disk read/write cycles due to swap on SSDs. Install the `zram-generator` package and copy the example configuration: ~~~bash pacman -S zram-generator cp /usr/share/doc/zram-generator/zram-generator.conf.example /etc/systemd/zram-generator.conf ~~~ Edit the copy of the example configuration to your liking. Comments explain what each setting does. # Secure Boot Secure Boot is a security feature found in the UEFI standard, designed to add a layer of protection to the pre-boot process: by maintaining a cryptographically signed list of binaries authorized or forbidden to run at boot, it helps in improving the confidence that the machine core boot components (boot manager, kernel, initramfs) have not been tampered with.

ATTENTION: When using Secure Boot it's imperative to use it with disk encryption. If the storage device that stores the keys is not encrypted, anybody can read the keys and use them to sign bootable images, thereby defeating the purpose of using Secure Boot at all. Therefore, this guide will assume disk encryption is being used.

## Preparations To determine the current state of Secure Boot execute: ~~~bash bootctl status ~~~ The output looks something like this: ~~~ System: Firmware: UEFI 2.70 (American Megatrends 5.17) Firmware Arch: x64 Secure Boot: enabled (user) TPM2 Support: yes Measured UKI: yes Boot into FW: supported ... ~~~ In order to proceed you need to set your firmware's Secure Boot mode into "setup" mode. This can usually be achieved by wiping the key store of the firmware. Refer to your mainboard's user manual on how to do this. ## Installation For the most straight-forward Secure Boot toolchain install `sbctl`: ~~~bash pacman -S sbctl ~~~ It tremendously simplifies generating Secure Boot keys, loading keys into firmware and signing kernel images. ## Generating keys

SEE ALSO: The Meaning of all the UEFI Keys

Secure Boot implementations use these keys: | Key Type | Description | |-------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | Platform Key (PK) | Top-level key | | Key Exchange Key (KEK) | Keys used to sign Signatures Database and Forbidden Signatures Database updates | | Signature Database (db) | Contains keys and/or hashes of allowed EFI binaries | | Forbidden Signatures Database (dbx) | Contains keys and/or hashes of denylisted EFI binaries | To generate new keys and store them under `/var/lib/sbctl/keys`: ~~~bash sbctl create-keys ~~~ ## Unified Kernel Image A unified kernel image (UKI) combines an EFI stub image, CPU microcode, kernel command line and an initramfs into a single file that can be read and executed by the machine's UEFI firmware. It also makes it easier to sign for secure boot as there will be only a single file to sign. Starting with v31, `mkinitcpio` is able to create UKIs out-of-the-box. The maintainers of `sbctl` also recommend using the system's initramfs generation tool instead of `sbctl bundle`. Additionally, `sbctl` comes with `mkinitcpio` hooks that sign kernel images automatically when they are generated during a rebuild. Starting with v39, `mkinitcpio` will use `systemd-ukify` if it is installed. This is the preferred way of generating UKIs. As `systemd-ukify` is not part of the `systemd` package, you'll have to install it manually: ~~~bash pacman -S systemd-ukify ~~~ To make `mkinitcpio` generate UKIs, edit the appropriate `*.preset` file for your kernel in `/etc/mkinitcpio.d/`: * comment out the `default_image` and `fallback_image` lines (as they won't be needed) * uncomment the `default_uki` and `fallback_uki` lines (prompts `mkinitcpio` to switch to UKI generation) * point the file path to somewhere on your EFI System Partition (e.g. `/efi`)

NOTE: mkinitcpio will automatically source command line parameters from files in /etc/cmdline.d/*.conf or a complete single command line specified in /etc/kernel/cmdline. If you need different images to use different kernel command line parameters, the *_options line in the *.preset allows you to pass additional arguments to mkinitcpio, i.e. the --cmdline argument to point it to a different file containing a different set of kernel command line parameters.

NOTE: Placing the UKI under /efi/EFI/Linux/ allows systemd-boot to automatically detect images and list them without having to specifically create boot entries for them.

WARNING: If there are no options specified in either /etc/kernel/cmdline or a drop-in file in /etc/cmdline.d/*.conf, then mkinitcpio will fallback to reading the command line for the currently booted system from /proc/cmdline. If you're booted into the Arch installation environment, this will most likely leave you with an unbootable system. Set at least one command line option in one of the above locations!

A `*.preset` file edited for UKI generation could look something like this: ~~~bash # mkinitcpio preset file for the 'linux' package #ALL_config="/etc/mkinitcpio.conf" ALL_kver="/boot/vmlinuz-linux" PRESETS=('default' 'fallback') #default_config="/etc/mkinitcpio.conf" #default_image="/boot/initramfs-linux.img" default_uki="/efi/EFI/Linux/arch-linux.efi" #default_options="--splash /usr/share/systemd/bootctl/splash-arch.bmp" #fallback_config="/etc/mkinitcpio.conf" #fallback_image="/boot/initramfs-linux-fallback.img" fallback_uki="/efi/EFI/Linux/arch-linux-fallback.efi" fallback_options="-S autodetect --cmdline /etc/kernel/cmdline_fallback" ~~~ ## Kernel Command Line Parameters `mkinitcpio` automatically looks for kernel command line parameters specified in `/etc/cmdline.d/*.conf` as drop-in files or `/etc/kernel/cmdline` as a single file.

WARNING: If there are no options specified in either /etc/kernel/cmdline or a drop-in file in /etc/cmdline.d/*.conf, then mkinitcpio will fallback to reading the command line for the currently booted system from /proc/cmdline. If you're booted into the Arch installation environment, this will most likely leave you with an unbootable system. Set at least one command line option in one of the above locations!

First create the directory and open a new file in there: ~~~bash mkdir /etc/cmdline.d nano /etc/cmdline.d/root.conf ~~~ The parameters to include depend on the kind of [initramfs](/books/arch-linux/page/initramfs) used. You can use any of the [persistent block device naming](https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Persistent_block_device_naming) schemes to pass the device. You also need to specify a mapper name under which the decrypted root file system should be made available for mounting. You can obtain the block device identifier for the LUKS container, e.g. its UUID, with `blkid` (using `/dev/nvme0n1p3` as an example):

NOTE: Pressing Ctrl + T inside nano allows you to paste the result of a command at the current cursor position.

~~~bash blkid -s UUID -o value /dev/nvme0n1p3 ~~~ Continue to specify additional kernel command line parameters you need. At minimum it should look like this: * busybox: ~~~ cryptdevice=UUID=XXXXXXXX-XXXX-XXXX-XXXX-XXXXXXXXXXXX:root root=/dev/mapper/root rw ~~~ * systemd: ~~~ rd.luks.name=XXXXXXXX-XXXX-XXXX-XXXX-XXXXXXXXXXXX=root root=/dev/mapper/root rw ~~~

TIP: When using a systemd-based initramfs, you can create a file named /etc/crypttab.initramfs to specify your encrypted devices in there (see crypttab(5) for details on the syntax):

# <name>    <device>                                     <passphrase>    <options>
root        UUID=XXXXXXXX-XXXX-XXXX-XXXX-XXXXXXXXXXXX

This allows you to omit any rd.luks parameters, which leaves you with a kernel command line that looks like this:

root=/dev/mapper/root rw

ATTENTION: Keep the specialties of your chosen root file system in mind, e.g. if using btrfs you also need to supply the subvolume that should be mounted: rootflags=subvol=@.

NOTE: By default, dm-crypt does not allow TRIM for SSDs for security reasons (information leak). To override this behavior:

## Enroll keys in firmware

WARNING: Replacing the platform keys with your own can end up bricking your machine, making it impossible to get into the UEFI/BIOS settings to rectify the situation. This is due to the fact that some device firmware (OpROMs, e.g. GPU firmware), that gets executed during boot, may be signed using Microsoft's keys. Run sbctl enroll-keys --microsoft if you're unsure if this applies to you (enrolling Microsoft's Secure Boot keys alongside your own custom ones) or include the TPM Event Log with sbctl enroll-keys --tpm-eventlog (if your machine has a TPM and you don't need or want Microsoft's keys) to prevent bricking your machine.

ATTENTION: Make sure your firmware's Secure Boot mode is set to setup mode! You can do this by going into your firmware settings and wiping the factory default keys. Additionally, keep an eye out for any setting that auto-restores the default keys on system start.

TIP: If you plan to dual-boot Windows, run sbctl enroll-keys --microsoft to enroll Microsoft's Secure Boot keys along with your own custom keys.

To enroll your keys, simply: ~~~bash sbctl enroll-keys ~~~ ## Automated signing of UKIs `sbctl` comes with a hook for `mkinitcpio` which runs after it has rebuilt an image. Manually specifying images to sign is therefore entirely optional. ## Signing the Bootloader

NOTE: This is the manual method. If you also want to automate the bootloader update process, skip to the section below.

If you plan on using a boot loader, you will also need to add its `*.efi` executable(s) to the `sbctl` database, e.g. `systemd-boot`: ~~~bash sbctl sign --save /efi/EFI/BOOT/BOOTX64.EFI sbctl sign --save /efi/EFI/systemd/systemd-bootx64.efi ~~~ Upon system upgrades, `pacman` will call `sbctl` to sign the files listed in the `sbctl` database. ### Automate `systemd-boot` updates and signing `systemd` comes with a `systemd-boot-update.service` unit file to automate updating the bootloader whenever `systemd` is updated. However, it only updates the bootloader **after** a reboot, by which time `sbctl` has already run the signing process. This would necessitate manual intervention. Recent versions of `bootctl` look for a `.efi.signed` file before a regular `.efi` file when copying bootloader files during `install` and `update` operations. So to integrate better with the auto-update functionality of `systemd-boot-update.service`, the bootloader needs to be signed ahead of time. ~~~bash sbctl sign --save \ -o /usr/lib/systemd/boot/efi/systemd-bootx64.efi.signed \ /usr/lib/systemd/boot/efi/systemd-bootx64.efi ~~~ This will add the source and target file paths to `sbctl`'s database. The pacman hook included with `sbctl` will trigger whenever a file in `usr/lib/**/efi/*.efi*` changes, which will be the case when `systemd` is updated and a new version of the unsigned bootloader is written to disk at `/usr/lib/systemd/boot/efi/systemd-bootx64.efi`. Finally, enable the `systemd-boot-update.service` unit: ~~~bash systemctl enable systemd-boot-update ~~~ Now when `systemd` is updated the **signed** version of the `systemd-bootx64.efi` booloader will be copied to the ESP after a reboot, completely automating the bootloader update and signing process! # Boot Loader ## `systemd-boot` `systemd` comes with `systemd-boot` already, so no additional packages need to be installed. ### Install

ATTENTION: By default, systemd-boot will install itself to either of the well-known ESP locations, e.g. /efi, /boot, or (discouraged) /boot/efi. If your ESP is mounted somewhere else pass the localtion with the --esp-path parameter.

To install `systemd-boot` to your EFI System Partition and create a boot loader entry named "Linux Boot Manager" in your firmware: ~~~bash bootctl install ~~~ This will copy `/usr/lib/systemd/boot/efi/systemd-bootx64.efi` to `$ESP/EFI/systemd/systemd-bootx64.efi` and `$ESP/EFI/BOOT/BOOTX64.EFI`.

NOTE: If a signed version of systemd-bootx64.efi exists as systemd-bootx64.efi.signed in the same directory, bootctl copies the signed file instead.

NOTE: bootctl may complain about your ESP's mount point and the random seed file as being "world accessible". This is to let you know your ESP's current file system permissions are too open. To solve this, change the fmask and dmask mount options for your ESP in /etc/fstab from 0022 to 0077. Changes apply on next boot. See also: mount(8) $ Mount options for fat

### Configure `systemd-boot` has two kinds of configs: * `$ESP/loader/loader.conf`: Configuration file for the boot loader itself * `$ESP/loader/entries/*.conf`: Configuration files for individual boot entries #### Boot loader config

NOTE: For a full list of options and their explanation refer to loader.conf(5) § OPTIONS

| Setting | Type | Description | |-----------------|---------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | `default` | string | The pre-selected default boot entry. Can be pre-determined value, file name or glob pattern | | `timeout` | number | Time in seconds until the default entry is automatically booted | | `console-mode` | number/string | Display resolution mode (`0`, `1`, `2`, `auto`, `max`, `keep`) | | `auto-entries` | boolean | Show/hide other boot entries found by scanning the boot partition | | `auto-firmware` | boolean | Show/hide "Reboot into firmware" entry | An example loader configuration could look something like this:

ATTENTION: Only spaces are accepted as white-space characters for indentation, do not use tabs!

~~~ default arch # pre-selects entry from $ESP/loader/entries/arch.conf timeout 3 # 3 seconds before the default entry is booted auto-entries 1 # shows boot entries which were auto-detected auto-firmware 1 # shows entry "Reboot into firmware" console-mode max # picks the highest-numbered mode available ~~~ #### Boot entry config

SEE ALSO: The Boot Loader Specification for a comprehensive overview of what systemd-boot implements.

Available parameters in boot entry config files: | Key | Value | Description | |----------------------|--------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | `title` | string | The name of the entry in the boot menu (optional) | | `version` | string | Human readable version of the entry (optional) | | `machine-id` | string | The unique machine ID of the computer (optional) | | `sort-key` | string | Used for sorting entries (optional) | | `linux` | path | Location of the Linux kernel (relative to ESP) | | `initrd` | path | Location of the Linux initrd image (relative to ESP) | | `efi` | path | Location of an EFI executable, hidden on non-EFI systems | | `options` | string | Kernel command line parameters | | `devicetree` | path | Binary device tree to use when executing the kernel (optional) | | `devicetree-overlay` | paths | List of device tree overlays. If multiple, separate by space, applied in order | | `architecture` | string | Architecture the entry is intended for (`IA32`, `x64`, `ARM`, `AA64`) | ##### Type 1 (text file based)

NOTE: As of mkinitramfs v38, the CPU microcode is embedded in the initramfs and it is no longer necessary to specify CPU microcode images on a separate initrd line before the actual initramfs.

Type 1 entries specify their parameters in `*.conf` files under `§ESP/loader/entries/`. All paths in these configs are relative to the ESP, e.g. if the ESP is mounted at `/boot` a boot loader entry located at `$ESP/loader/entries/arch.conf` would look like this: ~~~ title Arch Linux linux /vmlinuz-linux initrd /initramfs-linux.img options rd.luks.name=XXXXXXXX-XXXX-XXXX-XXXX-XXXXXXXXXXXX=cryptroot root=/dev/mapper/cryptroot rw ~~~ ##### Type 2 (EFI executable) When using a unified kernel image, any image ending with `*.efi` placed under `$ESP/EFI/Linux/` will be automatically picked up by `systemd-boot` along with the metadata embedded in that image (e.g. title, version, etc.) If your UKIs are stored somewhere else, you will need a loader entry `*.conf` file with an `efi` key pointing `systemd-boot` to the location of the `*.efi` file on the ESP: ~~~ title Arch Linux efi /EFI/Arch/linux.efi ~~~ ## EFISTUB EFISTUB is a method of booting the kernel directly as an EFI executable by the firmware without the need to use a boot loader. This can be useful in cases where you want to reduce the attack surface a boot loader can introduce, or you intend to only ever boot one image. However, some UEFI firmware implementations can be flaky, so this isn't always practical. ### Install To be able to manipulate EFI boot variables install `efibootmgr`: ~~~bash pacman -S efibootmgr ~~~ ### Configure

ATTENTION: efibootmgr cannot overwrite existing boot entries and will disregard the creation of a boot entry if one with the same label already exists. If you need to overwrite an existing entry you will need to delete it first. Call efibootmgr without any arguments to list all current boot entries:

efibootmgr

To delete an entry, note its 4-digit boot entry order and instruct efibootmgr to delete it:

efibootmgr -Bb XXXX
To create a new entry `efibootmgr` needs to know the disk and partition where the kernel image resides on the ESP. In this example, the ESP is the first partition of the block device `/dev/nvme0n1`. Kernel parameters are part of the `-u` option. The partition that holds your root file system needs to be passed as a [**persistent block device name**](https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Persistent_block_device_naming).

NOTE: If you use LVM or LUKS, you can supply the device mapper name since that already is persistent.

You can get the persistent block device identifier of a file system with the `blkid` command, i.e. to get the UUID of the root file system: ~~~bash # /dev/nvme0n1p1 is the ESP, hence /dev/nvme0n1p2 is the root fs blkid -s UUID -o value /dev/nvme0n1p2 ~~~ For ease of scriptability, save the values to environment variables: ~~~bash export ROOT=$(blkid -s UUID -o value /dev/nvme0n1p2) export CMDL="root=UUID=$ROOT rw add_efi_memmap initrd=\\\initramfs-linux.img" ~~~ Then create the boot entry using `efibootmgr`: ~~~bash efibootmgr -c -L "Arch Linux" -d /dev/nvme0n1 -p 1 -l /vmlinuz-linux -u $CMDL -v ~~~ #### Unified kernel image When using a **unified kernel image** you can instead just point to the UKI without needing to specify any kernel parameters via the `-u` option (as these will be part of the UKI already):

ATTENTION: If Secure Boot is enabled and the command line parameters are embedded in the UKI, the embedded command line parameters will always take precedence, even if you pass additional parameters with the -u option.

~~~bash efibootmgr -c -L "Arch Linux" -d /dev/nvme0n1 -p 1 -l "EFI\Linux\archlinux-linux.efi" -v ~~~ # Hardware Get your gizmos up to speed # Graphics Cards Drivers for hardware accelerated desktop rendering, improving performance and fidelity. The Linux graphics stack consists of several components, but the main component is the `mesa` package. | Manufacturer | OpenGL | Vulkan | Video acceleration | |--------------|------------------|-----------------|--------------------------------------------| | Intel | `mesa` | `vulkan-intel` | `intel-media-driver`, `libva-intel-driver` | | AMD | `mesa` | `vulkan-radeon` | `libva-mesa-driver` | | NVIDIA | `mesa`, `nvidia` | `nvidia-utils` | `libva-mesa-driver`, `nvidia-utils` | ## Intel ~~~bash pacman -S mesa vulkan-intel intel-media-driver libva-intel-driver ~~~ ## AMDGPU ~~~bash pacman -S mesa libva-mesa-driver vulkan-radeon ~~~ ## Nvidia ### Nouveau open source driver ~~~bash pacman -S mesa libva-mesa-driver yay -S nouveau-fw ~~~ ### Proprietary driver ~~~bash pacman -S nvidia nvidia-utils ~~~ #### Early KMS In order to enable early KMS with the prorprietary driver, you will need to take additional steps. The kernel modules of the proprietary kernel module need to be included explicitly in the `MODULES` array of your `/ets/mkinitcpio.conf` file (or a drop-in config file under `/etc/mkinitcpio.conf.d/`): ~~~bash MODULES=(nvidia nvidia_modeset nvidia_uvm nvidia_drm) ~~~ Additionally, remove the `kms` hook from the `HOOKS` array. This is to prevent the unintentional loading of the `nouveau` kernel module. #### Enable Kernel Mode Setting By default, the `nvidia_drm` kernel module does not enable Kernel Mode Setting (KMS). In order for Wayland compositors to function properly, KMS must be explicitly enabled via a kernel command line argument at boot: ~~~ nvidia_drm.modeset=1 ~~~

NOTE: Refer to Boot Loader for how to add the parameter to your boot configuration.

To verify that kernel mode setting is enabled: ~~~bash cat /sys/module/nvidia_drm/parameters/modeset ~~~ `Y` means Kernel Mode Setting was enabled on boot. `N` means Kernel Mode Setting was **not** enabled on boot. # Sound For audio handling on Linux, PipeWire is the currently recommended framework. PipeWire is a server and user space API that provides a platform to handle multimedia pipelines. It is a modern, low-latency audio and video server designed to work with the latest audio use cases and handle professional audio interfaces and applications. PipeWire was created as a replacement for both the PulseAudio sound server and the Jack Audio Connection Kit (JACK) server. It provides a unified interface for handling video and audio streams and is intended to be flexible and extensible, allowing it to address not only audio but other multimedia tasks as well, such as video conferencing, screen capture, and other multimedia applications. It can also work with different hardware devices, including webcams, microphones, and professional audio devices. Additionally, it integrates better with the security models of Flatpak and Wayland. It does so via sandboxing processes from one another, preventing an application from snooping on other applications' audio streams. Before allowing an application to record audio or sharing the screen(e.g. in a browser over WebRTC) it will ask the user for permission to do so. PipeWire implements no connection logic internally, that is the responsibility of a program called a session manager. It watches for new streams and connects them to the appropriate output device or application. There are two session managers to choose from: * **PipeWire Media Session:** A very simple session manager that caters to some basic desktop use cases. It was mostly implemented for testing and as an example for building new session managers. * **WirePlumber:** A more powerful manager and the current recommendation. It is based on a modular design, with Lua plugins that implement the actual management functionality. WirePlumber is the recommended choice, as it is better maintained, receives regular updates and is more feature-rich. ## Installation The most basic PipeWire setup includes the following packages:

NOTE: PipeWire handles Bluetooth audio devices if the pipewire-audio package is installed.

~~~bash pacman -S pipewire pipewire-audio wireplumber ~~~ Additional packages can be installed to extend PipeWire's compatibility and capabilities: | Package | Description | |---------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------| | `pipewire-alsa` | Support for routing ALSA clients through PipwWire | | `pipewire-jack` | Support for JACK clients | | `pipewire-pulse` | Support for PulseAudio clients (recommended) | | `pipewire-v4l2` | Support for handling video devices, e.g. webcams, tuners, etc. | | `pipewire-zeroconf` | Support for streaming audio over the network, e.g. an AirPlay receiver | ## Streaming audio to an AirPlay receiver PipeWire can send audio to an AirPlay receiver via the `pipewire-zeroconf` package, which includes the necessary RTSP/RAOP modules to create a sink to send audio data to. This requires the Avahi zeroconf daemon. Refer to the [Network](/books/arch-linux/page/network#bkmrk-avahi) section on how to install and setup Avahi. ### Firewall ports If you're using a firewall, make sure that the following ports are open:

TIP: firewalld has a preset for RTSP. Make sure to apply the firewall changes permanently.

| Port | Protocol | Service | |------|----------|-------------------------------------------| | 554 | TCP | RTSP | | 554 | UDP | RTSP | | 6001 | UDP | Some 3rd party AirPlay receivers use this | | 6002 | UDP | Some 3rd party AirPlay receivers use this | ### Auto-load PipeWire RAOP discovery module Create a new drop-in config file, e.g. `~/.config/pipewire/pipewire.conf.d/raop-discover.conf`: ~~~ context.modules = [ { name = libpipewire-module-raop-discover args = { #raop.latency.ms = 1000 stream.rules = [ { matches = [ { raop.ip = "~.*" #raop.ip.version = 4 | 6 #raop.ip.version = 4 #raop.port = 1000 #raop.name = "" #raop.hostname = "" #raop.domain = "" #raop.device = "" #raop.transport = "udp" | "tcp" #raop.encryption.type = "RSA" | "auth_setup" | "none" #raop.audio.codec = "PCM" | "ALAC" | "AAC" | "AAC-ELD" #audio.channels = 2 #audio.format = "S16" | "S24" | "S32" #audio.rate = 44100 #device.model = "" } ] actions = { create-stream = { #raop.password = "" stream.props = { #target.object = "" #media.class = "Audio/Sink" } } } } ] } } ] ~~~ Restart the `pipewire` user unit to make pipewire read the new drop-in config file and load the RAOP module automatically upon login: ~~~bash systemctl restart --user pipewire ~~~ ### Scan for devices on the network You can use the `avahi-browse` utility to scan for devices on your network: ~~~bash avahi-browse --all --ignore-local --terminate ~~~ This will produce a list of devices broadcasting mDNS services over the network (not only AirPlay, but also file sharing, Spotify, Home Kit and various others). You should now be able to `ping` your AirPlay receiver using its `.local` DNS name: ~~~bash ping my-airplay-receiver.local ~~~ If everything worked as intended `wpctl status` should list new sinks to output audio to: ~~~ ... Audio ├─ Devices: │ 53. Starship/Matisse HD Audio Controller [alsa] │ ├─ Sinks: │ 47. My AirPlay Reciever [vol: 1.00] │ * 61. Starship/Matisse HD Audio Controller Analog Stereo [vol: 1.00] ... ~~~ Finally, use your desktop environment's audio settings panel to select your AirPlay receiver as audio output device. # Bluetooth Install the following packages to enable Bluetooth functionality and the necessary tools to control them: ~~~bash pacman -S bluez bluez-utils ~~~ Enable the systemd unit to initialize Bluetooth during boot: ~~~bash systemctl enable bluetooth ~~~ ## Game Controllers Some game controllers (e.g. PlayStation 5 DualSense) require setting `UserspaceHID=true`, which is not the default. To change it, edit the file `/etc/bluetooth/input.conf` and uncomment the line with `UserspaceHID=true` # Printing Install the following packages for printer support: ~~~bash pacman -S cups logrotate system-config-printer ~~~ Enable the following systemd units to initialize the printing system during boot: ~~~bash systemctl enable cups systemctl enable logrotate.timer ~~~ # Trusted Platform Module [Trusted Platform Module](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trusted_Platform_Module) (TPM) is an international standard for a secure cryptoprocessor, which is a dedicated microprocessor designed to secure hardware by integrating cryptographic keys into devices. In practice a TPM can be used for various different security applications such as [secure boot](https://wiki.sebin-nyshkim.net/books/arch-linux/page/secure-boot), key storage and random number generation. TPM is naturally supported only on devices that have TPM hardware support. If your hardware has TPM support but it is not showing up, it might need to be enabled in the BIOS settings. ## List of Platform Configuration Registers Platform Configuration Registers (PCR) contain hashes that can be read at any time but can only be written via the extend operation, which depends on the previous hash value, thus making a sort of blockchain. They are intended to be used for platform hardware and software integrity checking between boots (e.g. protection against [Evil Maid attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:Evil_Maid_attack)). They can be used to unlock encryption keys and proving that the correct OS was booted. The [TCG PC Client Specific Platform Firmware Profile Specification](https://trustedcomputinggroup.org/resource/pc-client-specific-platform-firmware-profile-specification/) defines the registers in use: | PCR | Use | Notes | |-------|----------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------| | PCR0 | Firmware code | May change if you upgrade your UEFI | | PCR1 | Firmware settings | | | PCR2 | Extended executable code | | | PCR3 | Extended firmware data | Set during Boot Device Select UEFI boot phase | | PCR4 | Boot Manager Code + Boot Attempts | Measures boot manager the devices the firmware tried to boot from | | PCR5 | Boot Manager Configuration + Data | Can measure configuration of boot loaders; includes the GPT Partition Table | | PCR6 | S4/S5 Resume + Power State Events | | | PCR7 | Secure Boot State | Full contents of PK/KEK/db & certificates to validate each boot application | | PCR8 | Hash of kernel cmdline | Supported by grub and systemd-boot | | PCR9 | Hash of initrd | Kernel 6.1 might measure the kernel cmdline | | PCR10 | Reserved for Future Use | | | PCR11 | Hash of Unified kernel image | see [systemd-stub][stub-link] | | PCR12 | Overridden kernel cmdline, Credentials | see [systemd-stub][stub-link] | | PCR13 | System Extensions | see [systemd-stub][stub-link] | | PCR14 | | Unused | | PCR15 | | Unused | | PCR16 | Debug | | | PCR23 | Application Support | The OS can set and reset this PCR. | [stub-link]: https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/systemd-stub.html ## Packages | Package | Usage | |-------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | `tpm2-tss` | Implementation of the TCG Trusted Platform Module 2.0 Software Stack (TSS2) | | `tpm2-tools` | Trusted Platform Module 2.0 tools based on `tpm2-tss` | | `tpm2-abrmd` | **A**ccess **B**roker and **R**esource **M**anagement **D**aemon | | `tpm2-tss-engine` | OpenSSL engine for Trusted Platform Module 2.0 devices | | `tpm2-pkcs11` | PKCS#11 interface for Trusted Platform Module 2.0 hardware | | `tpm2-totp` | Attest the trustworthiness of a device against a human using time-based one-time passwords | ## Configuration 1. Add user to the `tss` group ~~~bash sudo usermod -aG tss $USER ~~~ 1. Enable access broker ~~~bash sudo systemctl enable --now tpm2-abrmd ~~~ 1. Logout and login again ## Usage ### TPM2-based LUKS key You can use the trusted platform module in your computer as a key store to unlock LUKS encrypted volumes with them. Arch Linux comes with `systemd` which itself comes with `systemd-cryptenroll` and allows you to specify a TPM2 device for key storage. Using a TPM for this purpose automates the process of unlocking your LUKS volumes, given that certain conditions are met, e.g. the firmare of the machine and the Secure Boot state.

WARNING: When using this method on your root volume, there are a few caveats to be aware of.

Provided the PCR slots you chose to seal against are considered valid by the system, the TPM will automatically unlock the LUKS volume at boot without the need to enter a password.

However, this also means that in case of theft, the data is no longer protected by the encryption. Furthermore, this also makes you more vulnerable to cold boot attacks, since the computer just has to be booted up to gain access to the decrypted data, without even the need to tamper with the device in order to crack the encryption.

It is therefore strongly recommended to at least pass the --tpm2-with-pin=yes option to systemd-cryptenroll to still have a mechanism for user verification (available with systemd version 251).

#### Enrolling a new key Certain preconditions are necessary to use TPM2 in conjunction with a LUKS encrypted volume: * `tpm2-tss` must be installed * the volume uses LUKS2 encryption (default when using `cryptsetup`) * the initramfs must be `systemd`-based (`mkinitcpio` hooks: `systemd` and `sd-encrypt`) Start by getting a list of TPM2 devices available in your machine:

TIP: If there are no devices listed, make sure the TPM is enabled in your device's firmware. Devices from 2016 onwards usually have a TPM 2.0, as it is a requirement from Microsoft for Windows 10 certification for hardware manufacturers.

~~~bash systemd-cryptenroll --tpm2-device=list ~~~ To enroll a new TPM-based key into a LUKS slot specify the TPM device to generate the key from and the PCRs to seal against, followed by the LUKS volume to save a new slot to (using `/dev/nvme0n1p2` as an example):

ATTENTION: The more PCRs you bind to, the more hardened your setup becomes. But at the same time you can also end up with a less flexible setup — e.g. binding your TPM LUKS key to PCRs 8, 9 and/or 11 harden your system against attempts to boot a kernel image which's hashes aren't measured into these PCRs but the moment your kernel changes (i.e. you update your kernel, change initrd generation, etc.) the PCRs stop validating and trigger a passphrase or recovery key prompt!

TIP: If your device only has one TPM (which is usually the case) you can supply --tpm2-device=auto to use the only device available.

~~~bash systemd-cryptenroll --tpm2-device=/path/to/tpm2_device --tpm2-pcrs=0+7 --tpm2-with-pin=yes /dev/nvme0n1p2 ~~~ It will ask you for a PIN to enter, which you will be asked to put in every time you boot the system. #### Recovery key It is also generally advisable to let `systemd-cryptenroll` generate a recovery key, in case the key stored in the TPM doesn't validate anymore for whatever reason. A recovery key is generated automatically with a character set that's easy to type in while still having high entropy. To generate a recovery key and have it saved to a slot in the LUKS device (using `/dev/nvme0n1p2` as an example): ~~~bash systemd-cryptenroll --recovery-key /dev/nvme0n1p2 ~~~ #### Unlocking at boot Making systemd use the TPM to unlock the volume can be done in one of two ways: 1. add kernel parameters, telling systemd which device to unlock with the TPM 1. use a `/etc/crypttab.initramfs` file to be included in the initramfs to point systemd to the correct volume For the kernel command line, add the following:

TIP: Again, if your device only has one TPM you can supply tpm2-device=auto to use the only device available.

~~~ rd.luks.options=tpm2-device=/path/to/tpm2_device ~~~ If you'd rather use a `crypttab.initramfs` file, the syntax is as follows: ~~~ # root UUID=XXXXXXXX-XXXX-XXXX-XXXX-XXXXXXXXXXXX none tpm2-device=auto ~~~ ### TOPT code during boot You can use `tpm2-totp` as a means for attestation that the system you are trying to boot is trustworthy by making it display a TOTP code during boot. If the code displayed during boot matches the one in your TOTP app, the system can be considered untampered. Otherwise you have to assume the system is no longer trustworthy and has been tampered with in one way or another.

ATTENTION: If you want to use tpm2-totp in conjunction with Plymouth you will have to use the tpm2-totp-git package from the AUR, since Arch Linux does not officially support Plymouth and the Repo package lacks the initcpio hooks needed for Plymouth support.

Use the plymouth-tpm2-totp hook in conjunction with the encrypt hook, or sd-plymouth-tpm2-totp in conjunction with the sd-encrypt hook.

Generate authentication code and seal against PCRs 0 (hash of UEFI firmware) and 7 (Secure Boot state): ~~~bash sudo tpm2-totp --pcrs=0,7 generate # official package sudo tpm2-totp --pcrs=0,7 init # AUR package ~~~ This will output a QR code on the terminal that you can scan with your TOTP app of choice. Test your TOTP by requesting a 6-digit code to be printed and compare with your TOTP app to verify the codes match: ~~~bash tpm2-totp calculate # official package tpm2-totp show # AUR package ~~~ Add the `tpm2-totp` hook to the HOOKS array in `/etc/mkinitcpio.conf` **before** the `encrypt` hook, else you won't be able to see the TOTP during boot. ### TPM-based SSH keys # Universial 2nd Factor (U2F) Universal 2nd Factor (U2F) is an open standard that strengthens and simplifies two-factor authentication (2FA) using specialized USB or NFC devices based on similar security technology found in smart cards. For support of U2F in major web browsers and system authentication install the following packages: ~~~bash pacman -S libfido2 pam-u2f ~~~ ## Generate U2F key for PAM

NOTE: Generate keys as a regular user!

To start using a U2F key for system-level authentication, keys need to be created first. The default directory these keys will usually be looked for is at `~/.config/Yubico` (since the `pam-u2f` package is developed by Yubico for use with their Yubikeys, but it works with other keys as well). Create the directory under your home directory: ~~~bash mkdir ~/.config/Yubico ~~~ The `pam-u2f` package comes with a utility to create keys from the USB device. Create new keys with `pamu2fcfg`:

WARNING: This takes your machine's current host name and assumes it is not re-assigned on network changes! Changing your machine's host name might render the key unable to authenticate you until your machine returns to the original host name.

NOTE: Keep an eye on your hardware security token, as it might silently indicate it is waiting on user interaction to continue.

~~~bash pamu2fcfg -o pam://$HOST -i pam://$HOST > ~/.config/Yubico/u2f_keys ~~~ ## System-wide U2F prompts

ATTENTION: A potentially undesirable side effect of this method is that any keychains that use the user password to unlock, such as the login keychain in GNOME or KDE, will immediately request the password after login. Since this allows passwordless logins, the user password for unlocking will not be passed on to the secrets provider. If you depend on automatic unlocking of the login keychain, e.g. for SSH key passphrases or Wi-Fi passwords, see one of the other methods below.

To use your physical security key system-wide and not just for specific use-cases, add the following line **before** the first `auth` line in `/etc/pam.d/system-auth`:

NOTE: Be sure to replace hostname with the actual host name of your machine!

~~~ auth sufficient pam_u2f.so cue origin=pam://hostname appid=pam://hostname ~~~ This will prompt you to touch your physical security key during every attempt at authenticating with your user, whether it's in conjunction with graphical system administrator prompts, `sudo` prompts, display manager login prompts, TTY logins, etc. If the security key is not connected, the system will fall back to regular password prompts. ## Passwordless `sudo`

WARNING: Changes to PAM configuration files apply immediately! Before making any changes to your configuration, start a separate shell with root permissions (e.g. sudo -s). This way you can revert any changes if something goes wrong.

A U2F key can be set up for `sudo` to allow for passwordless system maintenance tasks in the terminal. Open `/etc/pam.d/sudo` and add the following line **before** the first `auth` line:

NOTE: Be sure to replace hostname with the actual host name of your machine!

~~~ auth sufficient pam_u2f.so cue origin=pam://hostname appid=pam://hostname ~~~ To test, open a new terminal and type `sudo ls`. Your key's LED should flash and after clicking it the command is executed. The option `cue` causes an instruction to appear on what to do, e.g. `Please touch the device`. Note that setting this does not include graphical prompts to elevate privileges in desktop environment such as GNOME or KDE. See the following section for these types of use cases. ## Passwordless Polkit Many graphical applications rely on Polkit to elevate privileges. Polkit can be set up for passwordless authentication in much of the same way as `sudo`. By default, there is no Polkit PAM configuration present. To add it, copy the default configuration file that comes with Polkit into the PAM system configuration directory: ~~~bash sudo cp /usr/lib/pam.d/polkit-1 /etc/pam.d/polkit-1 ~~~ Then edit `/etc/pam.d/polkit-1`, adding the following line **before** the first `auth` line in the file:

NOTE: Be sure to replace hostname with the actual host name of your machine!

~~~ auth sufficient pam_u2f.so cue origin=pam://hostname appid=pam://hostname ~~~ ## 2nd factor in GDM A U2F key can be used in addition to your password for added security. Open `/etc/pam.d/gdm-password` and add the following line **after** the existing `auth` lines:

NOTE: Be sure to replace hostname with the actual host name of your machine!

~~~ auth required pam_u2f.so nouserok cue origin=pam://hostname appid=pam://hostname ~~~ This will require you to have your U2F physical key inserted to authenticate and log you in with your local user account.

WARNING: If you lose your key you will also lose your ability to authenticate and log in to your user account. You could theoretically use sufficient instead of required but this would render the security benefits of this endeavour pointless, as the password would still be enough to gain access to your account.

Please note the use of the `nouserok` option which allows the rule to fail if the user did not configure a key or the key is not connected. The `cue` option will display a prompt to let you know the physical key is waiting for you to touch it. ## Unlock LUKS container during boot A FIDO2 key can also be used to unlock your LUKS encrypted drives. To register the key, you will need to use the `systemd-cryptenroll` utility and have a [systemd-based initrd](https://wiki.sebin-nyshkim.net/books/arch-linux/page/initramfs). Run the following command to list your detected keys: ~~~bash systemd-cryptenroll --fido2-device=list ~~~ Then you can register the key in a LUKS slot, specifying the path to the FIDO2 device, or using the `auto` value if there is only one device:

ATTENTION: Make sure to pass the device node of your actual LUKS container!

~~~bash systemd-cryptenroll --fido2-device=auto /dev/nvme0n1p2 ~~~ To make systemd use the FIDO2 key for unlocking during boot, add the following option to your `rd.luks.options` list of options: ~~~ rd.luks.options=fido2-device=auto ~~~ Alternatively, if you do not want to pass this as a kernel command line option, add the option to your `/etc/crypttab.initramfs` and regenerate your initramfs after you've made changes: ~~~ # root UUID=XXXXXXXX-XXXX-XXXX-XXXX-XXXXXXXXXXXX none fido2-device=auto ~~~ When booting your system, watch for the indicator on your FIDO2 hardware key prompting you to touch it. # Desktop Environemt Pick your poison # GNOME Base GNOME packages for the full GNOME experience. Bundle with other packages to prevent package conflicts providing the same functionality.

TIP: Include any and all packages you want installed in a list to pacman. That way pacman will resolve package dependencies correctly and not install packages that would cause conflicts with other packages later on in the setup; e.g. the gnome group installs pulseaudio, but pulseaudio and pipewire (see below) are conflicting packages, meaning they can't both be installed at the same time prompting you to remove one or the other. Explicitly selected packages take precedence over packages auto-selected via dependencies.

~~~bash pacman -S gnome gnome-extra ~~~ ## Setting up display manager ### Start GDM on boot Start the GNOME Display Manager (GDM) on boot to be presented with a graphical login screen. ~~~bash systemctl enable gdm ~~~ #### When using NVIDIA proprietary drivers For the longest time NVIDIA only supported their EGLStreams interface for Wayland sessions. Despite GNOME having support for both EGLStreams and the more popular GBM interface, the GNOME Display Manager disables the Wayland session via a `udev` rule, if it detects the proprietary driver is in use, to prevent problems with the login screen not showing. To force enable GNOME's Wayland session even with the proprietary NVIDIA driver installed, check the following files: * `/etc/gdm/custom.conf`: Make sure the line `WaylandEnable=false` is **commented out** (should be by default) * `/usr/lib/udev/rules.d/61-gdm.rules`: Rename the file and create a symbolic link to `/dev/null` ~~~bash ln -s /dev/null /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/61-gdm.rules ~~~ Keep in mind that Wayland depends on Kernel Mode Setting to function properly, so it is necessary to include the appropriate kernel modules in the initramfs and setting the kernel commandline parameter to enable KMS support for the proprietary NVIDIA driver! See [Graphics Cards](/books/arch-linux/page/graphics-cards) on how to set up early KMS with the proprietary NVIDIA driver. ### Set Keymap for GDM

NOTE: Executing this command while chrooted into an installation will produce an error that the locale could not be found. Set after rebooting the system, press CTRL + ALT + F3 when GDM shows up (or any F-key between 2 and 7) to switch tty, log in via the command line and execute the command as root.

~~~bash localectl set-x11-keymap de ~~~ See instructions at [Plymouth page](/books/arch-linux/page/plymouth) on how to set up Plymouth. ## Misc additional packages Additional packages you might want: | Name | Description | |------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | `gthumb` | Image viewer with simple editing capabilities | | `lollypop` | Music player for GNOME | | `seahorse` | Secrets manager (login credentials, SSH keys, GPG keys) | | `fwupd` | Firmware update manager; allows UEFI capsule updates in GNOME Software if supported by firmware | ~~~bash pacman -S gthumb lollypop seahorse fwupd ~~~ ## GNOME Keyring Gnome Keyring is a useful tool for securely storing and managing passwords, SSH keys, and other sensitive information. As `gnome-keyring` is already a member of the `gnome` package group, it should already be installed. To manage the contents of `gnome-keyring` install `seahorse`: ~~~bash pacman -S seahorse ~~~ ### SSH Keys You can use `gnome-keyring` to store the passphrases of your SSH keys for passwordless authentication. However, the systemd user service file does not include the `ssh` component. To include the `ssh` component, edit the systemd unit file: ~~~bash systemctl edit --user gnome-keyring-daemon ~~~ This opens an editor with a temporary drop-in file. In here you can override the parameters of the systemd unit file:

NOTE: To properly replace a parameter, it first needs to be empty and then repeated on the next line with the value you want it to have. Additionally, setting the SSH_AUTH_SOCK environment variable will make applications aware of an already unlocked SSH key.

~~~ini [Service] ExecStart= ExecStart=/usr/bin/gnome-keyring-daemon --foreground --components="pkcs11,secrets,ssh" --control-directory=%t/keyring ~~~ Save the file and close the editor. It will get automatically reloaded by systemd if necessary. In order to reveal to applications that an SSH key has already been unlocked, set an environment variable for the current user: ~~~bash echo SSH_AUTH_SOCK=$XDG_RUNTIME_DIR/keyring/ssh >> ~/.config/environment.d/envvars.conf ~~~ Re-login for the changes to take effect. ## Uniform application styles ### Qt applications To make Qt/KDE applications fit in with the GNOME desktop you can install an Adwaita Qt theme and window decorations: ~~~ yay -S adwaita-qt{5,6}-git qadwaitadecorations-qt{5,6} ~~~ Then set the following environment variables in `~/.config/evironment.d/qt.conf`: ~~~bash QT_WAYLAND_DECORATION=adwaita QT_STYLE_OVERRIDE=Adwaita-Dark ~~~ ### GTK3 applications There is an Adwaita theme that brings GTK3 apps in line with the current LibAdwaita theme: ~~~bash pacman -S adw-gtk-theme ~~~ Then open GNOME Tweaks and set the application theme for legacy applications to `adw-gtk3` or `adw-gtk3-dark` (for apps that are not dark mode aware). ### Firefox ![Screenshot of Firefox GNOME Theme](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/rafaelmardojai/firefox-gnome-theme/master/screenshot.png) Firefox can be customized to look like a GNOME native application by applying a [GNOME Theme](https://github.com/rafaelmardojai/firefox-gnome-theme) to it. The simplest way to apply the theme is by installing *Add Water*, an application that allows you to install/remove the Firefox GNOME theme with a single click. It also allows to customize the GNOME theme with several options. It can auto-detect different versions of Firefox (repo package, Flatpak, Snap) as well as Firefox forks (Floorp, Cachy, LibreWolf). ~~~bash flatpak install dev.qwery.AddWater ~~~

NOTE: When Firefox receives an update the theme can break in some ways. When this happens you can uninstall the theme temporarily or hold off on updating Firefox until an updated version of the theme becomes available.

### Steam ![Screenshot of Adwaita Steam Theme](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/tkashkin/Adwaita-for-Steam/refs/heads/master/screenshots/library.png) There is an Adwaita theme available for Steam to make it fit in with the rest of the GNOME desktop. An app is available that can install and manage the theme for you: ~~~bash flatpak install io.github.Foldex.AdwSteamGtk ~~~ ## Remove potentially unwanted packages ### GNOME Dev Tools ~~~bash pacman -Rsc gnome-{builder,devel-docs,multi-writer,terminal} accerciser d-spy devhelp glade sysprof ~~~ ### User Software ~~~bash pacman -Rsc gnome-{notes,recipes,sound-recorder} polari ~~~ ### Games ~~~bash pacman -Rsc gnome-{2048,chess,games,klotski,mahjongg,mines,nibbles,sudoku,taquin,tetravex} hitori iagno lightsoff quadrapassel tali ~~~ ## Replace repo packages with Flatpaks If you wish to use the Flatpak versions of packages that the GNOME desktop team maintains themselves, you can uninstall the packages that are available as Flatpak in GNOME Software. ### Remove

TIP: Put substrings of package names between curly brackets { } so the shell substitutes the values, e.g. gnome-{calculator,calendar,characters,clocks} is interpreted as if you typed gnome-calculator gnome-calendar gnome-characters gnome-clocks. Nesting also works!

Packages part of the `gnome` package group: ~~~bash pacman -Rn gnome-{calculator,calendar,characters,clocks,connections,contacts,font-viewer,logs,maps,music,text-editor,weather} \ baobab epiphany evince loupe simple-scan snapshot sushi totem ~~~ Packages part of the `gnome-extra` package group: ~~~bash pacman -Rn accerciser cheese d-spy dconf-editor devhelp endeavour eog evolution geary ghex gitg glade \ gnome-{2048,boxes,builder,chess,devel-docs,dictionary,games,klotski,mahjongg,mines,multi-writer,nibbles,notes,photos,recipes,sound-recorder,sudoku,taquin,terminal,tetravex,tweaks} \ hitori iagno lightsoff polari quadrapassel seahorse sysprof tali ~~~ ### Reinstall Install the core GNOME apps as Flatpaks:

NOTE: Some of the repo packages of the gnome-extra group have been discontinued by GNOME. The following Flatpak selections replaces these with actively developed alternatives.

~~~bash flatpak install flathub org.gnome.{Calculator,Calendar,Calls,Snapshot,Characters,clocks,ColorViewer,Connections,Contacts,baobab,SimpleScan,Evince,Extensions,font-viewer,Loupe,Logs,Maps,Music,NautilusPreviewer,TextEditor,Showtime,Weather,Epiphany} ~~~ Selection of Flatpaks previously from the `gnome-extra` package group: ~~~bash flatpak install flathub org.gnome.{Evolution,Geary,GHex,gitg,Glade,Boxes,Photos,seahorse.Application,World.Iotas} ca.desrt.dconf-editor io.github.alainm23.planify page.kramo.Cartridges page.tesk.Refine com.mattjakeman.ExtensionManager io.gitlab.adhami3310.Impression ~~~ For a list of additional packages, see [GNOME Flatpaks](https://wiki.sebin-nyshkim.net/books/arch-linux/page/gnome-flatpaks). # KDE Plasma Base KDE Plasma packages for the full Plasma experience. Bundle with other packages to prevent package conflicts providing the same functionality.

TIP: Include any and all packages you want installed in a list to pacman. That way pacman will resolve package dependencies correctly and not install packages that would cause conflicts with other packages later on in the setup; e.g. the plasma group installs pulseaudio as a dependency of plasma-pa, but pulseaudio and pipewire (see below) are conflicting packages, meaning they can't both be installed at the same time prompting you to remove one or the other. Explicitly selected packages take precedence over packages auto-selected via dependencies.

~~~bash pacman -S plasma plasma-wayland-session kde-applications ~~~ ## Setting up the display manager The `plasma` package group includes the Simple Desktop Display Manager (SDDM) for signing into KDE Plasma sessions and others. Enable SSDM to start on boot and present a graphical login interface: ~~~bash systemctl enable sddm ~~~ SDDM uses the X11 keymap to determine the input method for the keyboard. Change the default keymap with `localectl`:

NOTE: Executing this command while chrooted into an installation will produce an error that the locale could not be found. Set after rebooting the system, press CTRL + ALT + F3 when SDDM shows up (or any F-key between 2 and 7) to switch tty, log in via the command line and execute the command as root.

~~~bash localectl set-x11-keymap de ~~~ ## KDE Wallet KDE Wallet is the integrated password manager and secret store of KDE Plasma. It stores passwords to websites, WiFi networks, network shares, SSH keys and more. ### Unlock Wallet automatically on login To automatically unlock your wallet on login, the `kwallet-pam` package provides the necessary PAM modules (already part of the `plasma` package group). There are several caveats to consider: * Only `blowfish` encryption is supported * Wallet can only be unlocked if the autologin method saves the password, e.g. when using `pam_autologin` * Wallet cannot be unlocked when logging in with a fingerprint * Wallet must be named `kdewallet` (default name) * Disabling automatic closing of Wallet may be desired to keep it from asking for the password after every use * When choosing to secure Wallet with a password it must match the user account password Automatic unlocking can also be achieved by setting no password. Do keep in mind, however, that this could lead to potentially undesired read/write access to your secrets. Enabling _Prompt when an application accesses a wallet_ under _Access Control_ is highly recommended. When setting up with SDDM as display manager (default for Plasma) no further PAM configuration is necessary, as the config comes with SDDM. ### Storing SSH key passphrases in Wallet KDE Wallet can be used to store passphrases for SSH keys and have a KDE prompt appear asking for the password. To also automatically unlock the SSH keys a SSH agent needs to be set up and running. The `openssh` package (since version 9.4p1-3) comes with a systemd **user unit** to start the SSH agent on login regardless of a graphical session running:

NOTE: This needs to be run as the user you set up earlier, without sudo.

~~~bash systemd enable --user ssh-agent ~~~ The user unit creates a Unix socket for other applications to communicate with the agent. For these applications to know this socket, the `SSH_AUTH_SOCK` environment variable needs to be set. This can be achieved via user-specific systemd environment variables. On login, systemd parses `*.conf` files in `~/.config/environment.d/` and sets environment variables from these. Environment variables are set in a `KEY=VALUE` fashion. Create a new file `~/.config/environment.d/ssh_agent.conf`: ~~~ SSH_AUTH_SOCK=$XDG_RUNTIME_DIR/ssh-agent.socket ~~~ Additionally, to have a KDE dialog box appear in case the passphrase is not stored in your Wallet, point the `SSH_ASKPASS` environment variable to the `ksshaskpass` application (also included in the `plasma` package group): ~~~ SSH_ASKPASS=/usr/bin/ksshaskpass SSH_ASKPASS_REQUIRE=prefer ~~~ ### Chromium-based browsers To make Chromium-based browsers (Google Chrome, Microsoft Edge, Brave, Opera, etc.) use Wallet as a password store launch it with `--password-store=kwallet5` or `--password-store=detect`. To make this launch argument persistent, add it to the "flags" file for the Chromium-based browser you want to use: |Browser|Path| |-|-| |Chromium|`~/.config/chromium-flags.conf`| |Google Chrome|`~/.config/chrome-flags.conf`| |Google Chrome DEV|`~/.config/chrome-dev-flags.conf`| |Vivaldi|`~/.config/vivaldi-stable.conf`|

See also: Making flags persistent on Arch Wiki

## Misc additional packages Additional packages you might want: | Name | Description | |------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | `freerdp` | Support for the Remote Desktop Protocol used for remote login to MS Windows machines | | `kimageformats` | Support for additional image formats in Dolphin and Gwenview | | `flatpak` | Support for installing applications as Flatpak packages from Flathub through Discover | | `fwupd` | Firmware update manager; allows UEFI capsule updates in Discover if supported by firmware | | `packagekit-qt6` | Manage Arch packages in Discover | # Software Tools to aid you # Spell checking Hunspell is a spell checker and morphological analyzer library used by Firefox, Thunderbird, Chromium, LibreOffice and more. Install the following packages to enable system-wide spell checking and hyphenation support (add languages for `hunspell` and `hyphen` at your discretion): ~~~bash pacman -S hunspell hunspell-de hunspell-en_US hyphen hyphen-de hyphen-en ~~~ # Fonts For most desktop environments, a sufficient number of fonts is installed as dependencies. However, there's several additional packages for different styles and writing systems (latin vs. non-latin scripts). [Arch Wiki](https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Fonts) has an extensive list of available fonts in both the repositories and the AUR. Installing the Noto font family also provides a vast coverage over a large array of scripts. ## Configuration Most applications read the font configuration provided by the `fontconfig` library. These configurations are written in XML and read from several different locations. | Location | Description | |------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | `/etc/fonts/fonts.conf` | Master configuration file **(not for editing!)** | | `/etc/fonts/conf.d` | System-wide additional drop-in configuration files, hand-written or as symbolic links | | `$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/fontconfig/fonts.conf` | Per-user config file | | `$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/fontconfig/conf.d` | Per-user additional drop-in configuration files, hand-written or as symbolic links | Configuration files are read in and applied in lexical order. If you need rules applied in a specific order, make sure to prepend them with 2-digit numbers in the order you need. A minimal `fontconfig` configuration file contains these headers: ~~~xml ~~~ Some font packages come with pre-defined rule sets, which are installed to `/usr/share/fontconfig/conf.avail/`. To apply them, it's best to create symbolic links to them in their respective drop-in configuration directories. To apply them system-wide, link them from the `/etc/fonts/conf.d` directory: ~~~bash cd /etc/fonts/conf.d sudo ln -s /usr/share/fontconfig/conf.avail/70-no-bitmaps-except-emoji.conf ~~~ To apply them only to the currently logged in user, link them in the `$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/fontconfig/conf.d` directory:

HINT: The environment variable $XDG_CONFIG_HOME should point to the .config sub-directory in your home directory. If it doesn't, use $HOME/.config instead for the examples or set it with export.

~~~bash mkdir $XDG_CONFIG_HOME/fontconfig/conf.d ln -s /usr/share/fontconfig/conf.avail/70-no-bitmaps-except-emoji.conf $XDG_CONFIG_HOME/fontconfig/conf.d ~~~ ## Emoji Fonts There are a few emoji fonts available on Arch. | Name | Package | Description | |------------------------------------|---------------------|------------------------------------------------------------| | [JoyPixels][twemoji] | `ttf-joypixels` | formerly EmojiOne, part of Emoji as a Service, proprietary | | [Noto Color Emoji][noto-emoji] | `noto-fonts-emoji` | Google open-source emoji font, color | | [Twemoji (Twitter Emoji)][twemoji] | `ttf-twemoji` (AUR) | Emoji for everyone, originally created by Twitter | [joypixels]: https://joypixels.com/emoji [noto-emoji]: https://fonts.google.com/noto/specimen/Noto+Color+Emoji/glyphs [twemoji]: https://github.com/jdecked/twemoji Install your selected emoji font: ~~~bash pacman -S noto-fonts-emoji ~~~ Applications requesting emoji to be displayed should pick up on the font after restarting them.

NOTE: KDE sometimes applies emoji fonts incorrectly, either not showing them at all or showing the outline symbol version from a different font. You can fix this by installing noto-color-emoji-fontconfig from the AUR and creating a symbolic link to the configuration file as shown above.

# Polkit `polkit` is an application-level toolkit for defining and handling the policy that allows unprivileged processes to speak to privileged processes: It is a framework for centralizing the decision making process with respect to granting access to privileged operations for unprivileged applications. ## Custom rules ### Mount disks as user Edit/create `/etc/polkit-1/rules.d/50-udisk.rules` ~~~js // Original rules: https://github.com/coldfix/udiskie/wiki/Permissions // Changes: Added org.freedesktop.udisks2.filesystem-mount-system, as this is used by Dolphin. polkit.addRule(function(action, subject) { var YES = polkit.Result.YES; // NOTE: there must be a comma at the end of each line except for the last: var permission = { // required for udisks1: "org.freedesktop.udisks.filesystem-mount": YES, "org.freedesktop.udisks.luks-unlock": YES, "org.freedesktop.udisks.drive-eject": YES, "org.freedesktop.udisks.drive-detach": YES, // required for udisks2: "org.freedesktop.udisks2.filesystem-mount": YES, "org.freedesktop.udisks2.encrypted-unlock": YES, "org.freedesktop.udisks2.eject-media": YES, "org.freedesktop.udisks2.power-off-drive": YES, // Dolphin specific "org.freedesktop.udisks2.filesystem-mount-system": YES, // required for udisks2 if using udiskie from another seat (e.g. systemd): "org.freedesktop.udisks2.filesystem-mount-other-seat": YES, "org.freedesktop.udisks2.filesystem-unmount-others": YES, "org.freedesktop.udisks2.encrypted-unlock-other-seat": YES, "org.freedesktop.udisks2.eject-media-other-seat": YES, "org.freedesktop.udisks2.power-off-drive-other-seat": YES }; if (subject.isInGroup("storage")) { return permission[action.id]; } }); ~~~ # Firefox Install Firefox via these packages (adjust for your desired locale): ~~~bash pacman -S firefox firefox-i18n-de ~~~ ## Wayland Wayland is not yet the default display manager for Firefox (it falls back to XWayland on Wayland). To force Firefox to use Wayland you can set the `MOZ_ENABLE_WAYLAND` environment variable to `1`. Use user specific systemd environment variable configs to set it: ~~~bash echo "MOZ_ENABLE_WAYLAND=1" >> ~/.config/environment.d/moz_wayland.conf ~~~ ## Media Playback ### Autoplay in background Firefox prevents autoplay for media of tabs that aren't currently active, which causes apps like Plex to take very long to skip to the next track after the current one has ended. The following setting in `about:config` can be used to disable this behavior: | Setting key | Value | Description | |--------------------------------------------|---------|--------------------------------------------------| | `media.block-autoplay-until-in-foreground` | `false` | Enable autoplay when tab is not currently active | ### Hardware Decoding Utilizing GPU hardware accelerated decoding of video content results in smoother playback of HD/4K content, while reducing CPU load and power draw (important to save on battery on laptops). To ensure Firefox uses hardware decoding ensure the following: * The necessary VA-API drivers are installed (see: [Graphics Cards](/books/arch-linux/page/graphics-cards)) * Navigate to `about:support` and ensure that under *Compositing* it says *WebRender* (*WebRender Software* will **not** work) * Navigate to `about:config` and set `media.ffmpeg.vaapi.enabled` to `true` * If running Wayland, enable Wayland mode in Firefox (see above) #### Verify hardware video decoding To verify Firefox is actually using VA-API to decode video you can launch it with the following command: ~~~bash MOZ_LOG="FFmpegVideo:5" firefox 2>&1 | grep 'VA-API' ~~~ Start playing some video in Firefox and watch the logs on your terminal. If your log output reads something like the following video decoding via VA-API is working. ~~~ [RDD 97685: MediaPDecoder #1]: D/FFmpegVideo FFVPX: Initialising VA-API FFmpeg decoder [RDD 97685: MediaPDecoder #2]: D/FFmpegVideo FFVPX: VA-API FFmpeg init successful [RDD 97685: MediaPDecoder #2]: D/FFmpegVideo FFVPX: Choosing FFmpeg pixel format for VA-API video decoding. [RDD 97685: MediaPDecoder #1]: D/FFmpegVideo FFVPX: VA-API FFmpeg init successful [RDD 97685: MediaPDecoder #2]: D/FFmpegVideo FFVPX: VA-API Got one frame output with pts=0 dts=0 duration=40000 opaque=-9223372036854775808 [RDD 97685: MediaPDecoder #1]: D/FFmpegVideo FFVPX: Initialising VA-API FFmpeg decoder [RDD 97685: MediaPDecoder #1]: D/FFmpegVideo FFVPX: VA-API FFmpeg init successful [RDD 97685: MediaPDecoder #1]: D/FFmpegVideo FFVPX: VA-API Got one frame output with pts=40000 dts=40000 duration=40000 opaque=-9223372036854775808 [RDD 97685: MediaPDecoder #2]: D/FFmpegVideo FFVPX: VA-API Got one frame output with pts=80000 dts=80000 duration=40000 opaque=-9223372036854775808 [RDD 97685: MediaPDecoder #2]: D/FFmpegVideo FFVPX: VA-API Got one frame output with pts=120000 dts=120000 duration=40000 opaque=-9223372036854775808 ~~~ ## KDE Plasma Integration For better integration of Firefox into the KDE Plasma desktop, install the Plasma Integration add-on either via the [Mozilla Add-on page](https://addons.mozilla.org/firefox/addon/plasma-integration/). It enables rich notifications support and download progress integration into the notification area of KDE Plasma. ### Media Playback Controls To prevent duplicate entries in the Media Player widget or tray icon, set `media.hardwaremediakeys.enabled` to `false`. This disables the media entry from Firefox itself and only uses the one from the Plasma integration add-on. ### KDE Dialogs By default, Firefox uses GTK file and print dialogs, even on KDE. To change this to KDE native dialogs navigate to `about:config` and change the appropriate `widget.use-xdg-desktop-portal` settings to `1`. # Google Chrome Install Google Chrome from AUR: ~~~bash yay -S google-chrome ~~~ ## Tweaks To enable hardware accelerated video decoding (with open source drivers) create a file at `~/.config/chrome-flags.conf` and add the following line in it: ~~~ --enable-features=VaapiVideoDecoder ~~~ Additionally, if you need to be able to share your screen wie WebRTC, you need to add the following line as well: ~~~ --enable-usermedia-screen-capturing ~~~ Furthermore, visit [chrome://flags](chrome://flags) and set the following options to further tweak performance (use the search field to filter): | Setting key | Value | Description | |------------------------------------|-----------|------------------------------------------------------------------------| | `#enable-webrtc-pipewire-capturer` | `Enabled` | Uses PipeWire to capture the screen in Wayland sessions | | `#enable-gpu-rasterization` | `Enabled` | Uses GPU for rasterization, boosting performance | | `#enable-zero-copy` | `Enabled` | Accesses GPU memory directly, boosting performance | | `#ozone-platform-hint` | `Auto` | Auto-detects which windowing system is currently in use (X11, Wayland) | # Discord Discord is a proprietary, cross-platform, all-in-one voice and text chat application. Install Discord from the repositories: ~~~bash pacman -S discord ~~~ ## Screensharing on Wayland Currently, it's not possible to reliably share your screen during a call with Discord on Wayland. The current beta builds have support for native screensharing, but sharing audio only works with `pulseaudio` as the primary sound server. An alternative client, called Vesktop, has full native support for screen sharing with Discord on Wayland with audio. It can be used instead of the official Discord app. Install it from the AUR: ~~~bash yay -S vesktop ~~~ # Blu-ray ## Playback In order play Blu-Rays install the following packages: ~~~bash sudo pacman -S libbluray libaacs ~~~ Additionally, a `KEYDB.cfg` file is needed. Download it from the [FindVUK Online Database](http://fvonline-db.bplaced.net/) Extract the ZIP to `~/.config/aacs/`:
ATTENTION: You may need to rename the keydb.cfg file to KEYDB.cfg (lower to upper case) for tooling to find it.
~~~bash unzip keydb_eng.zip -d ~/.config/aacs/ ~~~ After that use any Blu-Ray capable playback software, e.g. `vlc bluray:///dev/sr0` to play back Blu-Rays. ## Ripping [![MakeMKV](https://wiki.sebin-nyshkim.net/uploads/images/gallery/2020-09/scaled-1680-/Bildschirmfoto-von-2020-09-04-15-33-10.png)](https://wiki.sebin-nyshkim.net/uploads/images/gallery/2020-09/Bildschirmfoto-von-2020-09-04-15-33-10.png) In order to rip Blu-Rays install [MakeMKV](https://www.makemkv.com/) from the AUR: ~~~bash yay -S makemkv ~~~ MakeMKV requires the `sg` (*SCSI generic (sg) driver*) kernel module to be loaded in order to recognize the drive. To load the module temporarily: ~~~bash sudo modprobe sg ~~~ To have the kernel load the module on each boot: ~~~bash sudo echo sg > /etc/modules-load.d/sg.conf ~~~ # Node.js (nvm) Use the Node Version Manager (`nvm`) to install Node.js into your current user's path and switch Node.js versions on the fly. Install `nvm` via the AUR: ~~~bash yay -S nvm ~~~ Include the init script `/usr/share/nvm/init-nvm.sh` into your shell configuration to load it each time you start your terminal: ~~~bash # bash echo 'source /usr/share/nvm/init-nvm.sh' >> ~/.bashrc # zsh echo 'source /usr/share/nvm/init-nvm.sh' >> ~/.zshrc ~~~ Restart your terminal to reload all init scripts and you should be able to use `nvm` to install a Node.js version of your choice: ~~~bash nvm install 12 ~~~ ## Migrating globally installed `npm` packages When you install and switch to a different `nvm` managed version of Node.js (`nvm install 14` or `nvm use 16`) you may find that your globally installed `npm` packages (e.g. `svgo`) are no longer available until you switch back to the specific version of Node.js you have been using before the upgrade or switch. This is because globally installed `npm` packages are installed for the specific version of Node.js you happen to be using at the time of installation and placed in a directory i.e. `~/.nvm/versions/node/v16.14.0/lib/node_modules`. When you install a different version, e.g. `17.2.0` the path to your Node.js installation changes to `~/.nvm/versions/node/v17.2.0/lib/node_modules`. Use the `--reinstall-packages-from=` option to carry over globally installed packages to the new Node.js installation. You can either pass a specific version you want to reinstall globally installed packages from or use bash string expansion to reinstall from the currently active one in use: ~~~bash nvm install --reinstall-packages-from= nvm install 17 --reinstall-packages-from=$(node -v) ~~~ # KVM KVM (Kernel-based Virtual Machine) is a hypervisor built into the Linux kernel. 1. Install `libvirt` Packages ~~~bash yay -S qemu libvirt edk2-ovmf virt-manager nfs-utils virtio-win # optional dependencies iptables-nft dnsmasq # for default NAT/DHCP networking bridge-utils # for bridged networking openbsd-netcat # for remote management over SSH ~~~ 1. Add user to `libvirt` groups ~~~bash sudo usermod -aG libvirt $USER ~~~ 1. Start `libvirtd` daemon ~~~bash sudo systemctl enable --now libvirtd ~~~ 1. Create network bridge with `nmcli` ~~~bash nmcli connection add type bridge ifname br0 con-name "Netzwerkbrücke" stp no nmcli connection add type bridge-slave ifname enp39s0 con-name "Ethernet" master br0 nmcli connection down "Kabelgebundene Verbindung 1" nmcli connection up "Netzwerkbrücke" ~~~ * When using bonding of interfaces, disable IPv4 and IPv6 on the **bridge** ~~~bash nmcli con mod "Netzwerkbrücke" ipv4.method disabled ipv6.method ignore ~~~ 1. Define bridge network XML file, e.g. as `br0.xml` ~~~xml br0 ~~~ 1. Add bridge network to `virt-manager` ~~~bash virsh -c qemu:///system net-define br0.xml virsh -c qemu:///system net-autostart br0 ~~~ 1. Disable COW on Btrfs (optional, recommended) ~~~bash sudo chattr +C /var/lib/libvirt/images ~~~ 1. Define a remote storage pool (e.g. remote ISO images) `remote-iso.xml` ~~~xml iso /var/lib/libvirt/images/iso ~~~ 1. Add storage pool to `virt-manager` ~~~bash virsh -c qemu:///system pool-define remote-iso.xml virsh -c qemu:///system pool-autostart iso ~~~ 1. Create the storage pool mountpoint ~~~bash sudo mkdir -p /var/lib/libvirt/images/iso ~~~ # Folding@Home Help scientists studying Alzheimer's, Huntington's, Parkinson's, and SARS-CoV-2 by simply running a piece of software on your computer. Add your computer to a network of millions of others around the world to form the world's largest distributed supercomputer. ## Installlation ~~~bash yay -S foldingathome opencl-amd ~~~ ## Configuration Run `FAHClient --configure` as `root` to generate a configuration file at `/etc/foldingathome/config.xml`: ~~~bash cd /etc/foldingathome FAHClient --configure ~~~ Then start/enable the `foldingathome.service` systemd unit. NVIDIA users should also enable the `foldingathome-nvidia.service` systemd unit. ### Example Configuration ~~~xml ~~~ # Timeshift

IMPORTANT: Timeshift is not a backup tool! It only creates local snapshots of the system to roll back changes to the system. Do not rely on this mechanism to keep your data safe! Timeshift deletes the oldest snapshot when a new one is created and the maximum number of snapshots is reached. Furthermore, if the underlying file system is corrupted, the snapshots will be, too! Use a proper backup tool to keep your data safe on external data storage!

Timeshift helps create incremental snapshots of the file system at regular intervals, which can then be restored at a later date to undo all changes to the system. It supports `rsync` snapshots for all filesystems, and uses the built-in snapshot features for Btrfs drives configured to use the `@` and `@home` subvolume layout for *root* and *home* directories respectively. ## Installation Timeshift is available from the Arch repos. It uses cron to make regularly scheduled backups. Install Timeshift with a cron daemon, e.g. `cronie`: ~~~bash pacman -S timeshift cronie ~~~ Start and enable the cron scheduler for Timeshift to take regular snapshots: ~~~bash sudo systemctl enable --now cronie ~~~ Finally, start Timeshift and complete the first time setup. ## Automatic snapshots on system changes In addition to Timeshift's periodic spanshots, `timeshift-autosnap` provides a `pacman` hook to create a manual snapshot every time packages are installed, upgraded or removed. Install `timeshift-autosnap` from the AUR: ~~~bash yay -S timeshift-autosnap ~~~ By default `timeshift-autosnap` only keeps 3 snapshots. To change this, edit `/etc/timeshift-autosnap.conf` and either set `deleteSnapshots` to `false` to never delete any snapshots or increase the number of `maxSnapshots`: ~~~ skipAutosnap=false deleteSnapshots=true maxSnapshots=7 updateGrub=true snapshotDescription={timeshift-autosnap} {created before upgrade} ~~~ ### Prevent excessive snapshotting when using `yay` By default, when installing or updating multiple packages from the AUR, `yay` first builds a package and immediately calls `pacman` to install it, before building and installing the next one on its list. This also means that the `timeshift-autosnap` hook is triggered **for each individual AUR package** built by `yay`, **including dependencies also installed from the AUR.** This can have undesireable side-effects: * `yay` will cause `timeshift-autosnap` to reach the `maxSnapshots` limit very quickly when installing multiple packages from the AUR, leaving you with snapshots with little to no meaningful changes between them * if `deleteSnapshots` is set to `false` the amount of snapshots might quickly exhaust the usable space on the drive To prevent this it is recommended to configure `yay` to: 1. not remove make dependencies after successfully built packages are installed 1. build all AUR packages first, install them all later 1. install AUR packages together with regular repo packages By calling `yay` with the `--save` parameter, any options passed to it will be saved in a configuration file, e.g.: ~~~bash yay --noremovemake --batchinstall --combinedupgrade --save ~~~ Next time you use `yay` to install, upgrade or remove packages it will read the generated config file at `~/.config/yay/config.json` and apply the options automatically without having to specify them during use. # GNOME Flatpaks ## Core apps | Name | ID | Description | |----------------------|-------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------| | Calculator | `org.gnome.Calculator` | Perform arithmetic, scientific or financial calculations | | Calendar | `org.gnome.Calendar` | Manage your schedule | | Calls | `org.gnome.Calls` | Make phone and SIP calls | | Camera | `org.gnome.Snapshot` | Take pictures and videos | | Characters | `org.gnome.Characters` | Character map application | | Clocks | `org.gnome.clocks` | Keep track of time | | Color Profile Viewer | `org.gnome.ColorViewer` | Inspect and compare installed color profiles | | Connections | `org.gnome.Connections` | View and use other desktops | | Contacts | `org.gnome.Contacts` | Manage your contacts | | Disk Usage Analyzer | `org.gnome.baobab` | Check folder sizes and available disk space | | Document Scanner | `org.gnome.SimpleScan` | Make a digital copy of your photos and documents | | Document Viewer | `org.gnome.Evince` | Document viewer for popular document formats | | Extensions | `org.gnome.Extensions` | Manage your GNOME Extensions | | Fonts | `org.gnome.font-viewer` | View fonts on your system | | Image Viewer | `org.gnome.Loupe` | View images | | Logs | `org.gnome.Logs` | View detailed event logs for the system | | Maps | `org.gnome.Maps` | Find places around the world | | Music | `org.gnome.Music` | Play and organize your music collection | | Text Editor | `org.gnome.TextEditor` | Edit text files | | Videos | `org.gnome.Totem` | Play movies | | Weather | `org.gnome.Weather` | Show weather conditions and forecast | | Web | `org.gnome.Epiphany` | Browse the web | ## Internet | Name | ID | Description | |-----------|-----------------------|------------------------------------------| | Eolie | `org.gnome.Eolie` | Web browser | | Evolution | `org.gnome.Evolution` | Manage your email, contacts and schedule | | Fractal | `org.gnome.Fractal` | Chat on Matrix | | Geary | `org.gnome.Geary` | Send and receive email | | Polari | `org.gnome.Polari` | Talk to people on IRC | ## Multimedia | Name | ID | Description | |---------------------|----------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------| | Cheese | `org.gnome.Cheese` | Take photos and videos with your webcam, with fun graphical effects | | Decibels | `org.gnome.Decibels` | Play audio files | | EasyTAG | `org.gnome.EasyTAG` | Edit audio file metadata | | Eye of GNOME | `org.gnome.eog` | Browse and rotate images | | gThumb Image Viewer | `org.gnome.gThumb` | View and organize your images | | Identity | `org.gnome.gitlab.YaLTeR.Identity` | Compare images and videos | | Lollypop | `org.gnome.Lollypop` | Play and organize your music collection | | Photos | `org.gnome.Photos` | Access, organize and share your photos on GNOME | | Podcasts | `org.gnome.Podcasts` | Listen to your favorite shows | | Rhythmbox | `org.gnome.Rhythmbox3` | Play and organize all your music | | Shotwell | `org.gnome.Shotwell` | Digital photo organizer | | Showtime | `org.gnome.Showtime` | Watch without distraction | | Sound Juicer | `org.gnome.SoundJuicer` | CD ripper with a clean interface and simple preferences | | Sound Recorder | `org.gnome.SoundRecorder` | A simple, modern sound recorder for GNOME | | Video Trimmer | `org.gnome.gitlab.YaLTeR.VideoTrimmer` | Trim videos quickly | ## Productivity | Name | ID | Description | |-----------------------|---------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------| | Apostrophe | `org.gnome.gitlab.somas.Apostrophe` | Edit Markdown in style | | Bookup | `org.gnome.gitlab.ilhooq.Bookup` | Streamline notes with Markdown! | | Break Timer | `org.gnome.BreakTimer` | Computer break reminders for GNOME | | Citations | `org.gnome.World.Citations` | Manage your bibliography | | Endeavour | `org.gnome.Todo` | Manage your tasks | | Fava | `org.gnome.gitlab.johannesjh.favagtk` | Do your finances using fava and beancount | | Getting Things GNOME! | `org.gnome.GTG` | Personal tasks and TODO-list items organizer | | Gnote | `org.gnome.Gnote` | A simple note-taking application | | Hamster | `org.gnome.Hamster` | Personal time keeping tool | | Iotas | `org.gnome.World.Iotas` | Simple note taking | | Notes | `org.gnome.Notes` | Notes for GNOME | | Papers | `org.gnome.Papers` | Read documents | | Pinpoint | `org.gnome.Pinpoint` | Excellent presentations for hackers | | Pulp | `org.gnome.gitlab.cheywood.Pulp` | Skim excessive feeds | | Recipes | `org.gnome.Recipes` | GNOME loves to cook | | Solanum | `org.gnome.Solanum` | Balance working time and break time | | Translation Editor | `org.gnome.Gtranslator` | Translate and localize applications and libraries | ## Games | Name | ID | Description | |---------------------|--------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------| | Aisleriot Solitaire | `org.gnome.Aisleriot` | Play many different solitaire games | | GNOME Chess | `org.gnome.Chess` | Play the classic two-player board game of chess | | Crossword Editor | `org.gnome.Crosswords.Editor` | Create crossword puzzles | | Crosswords | `org.gnome.Crosswords` | Solve crossword puzzles | | Four-in-a-row | `org.gnome.Four-in-a-row` | Make lines of the same color to win | | HexGL | `org.gnome.HexGL` | Space racing game | | Hitori | `org.gnome.Hitori` | Play the Hitori puzzle game | | GNOME Klotski | `org.gnome.Klotski` | Slide blocks to solve the puzzle | | Lights Off | `org.gnome.LightsOff` | Turn off all the lights | | Mahjongg | `org.gnome.Mahjongg` | Match tiles and clear the board | | GNOME Mines | `org.gnome.Mines` | Clear hidden mines from a minefield | | Nibbles | `org.gnome.Nibbles` | Guide a worm around a maze | | Quadrapassel | `org.gnome.Quadrapassel` | Fit falling blocks together | | Reversi | `org.gnome.Reversi` | Dominate the board in a classic reversi game, or play the reversed variant | | GNOME Robots | `org.gnome.Robots` | Avoid the robots and make them crash into each other | | GNOME Sudoku | `org.gnome.Sudoku` | Test yourself in the classic puzzle | | Swell Foop | `org.gnome.SwellFoop` | Clear the screen by removing groups of colored and shaped tiles | | Tali | `org.gnome.Tali` | Roll dice and score points | | GNOME Taquin | `org.gnome.Taquin` | Slide tiles to their correct places | | GNOME Tetravex | `org.gnome.Tetravex` | Reorder tiles to fit a square | | GNOME 2048 | `org.gnome.TwentyFortyEight` | Obtain the 2048 tile | | Atomix | `org.gnome.atomix` | Build molecules out of single atoms | | Five or More | `org.gnome.five-or-more` | Remove colored balls from the board by forming lines | | gbrainy | `org.gnome.gbrainy` | gbrainy is a game to train memory, arithmetical, verbal and logical skills. | | Convolution | `org.gnome.gitlab.bazylevnik0.Convolution` | Maze escaping game | ## Tools | Name | ID | Description | |------------------------|------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------| | Brasero | `org.gnome.Brasero` | Create and copy CDs and DVDs | | Buffer | `org.gnome.gitlab.cheywood.Buffer` | Embrace ephemeral text | | Cowsay | `org.gnome.gitlab.Cowsay` | State of the art Cowsay generator | | Déjà Dup Backups | `org.gnome.DejaDup` | Protect yourself from data loss | | File Roller | `org.gnome.FileRoller` | Open, modify and create compressed archive files | | Firmware | `org.gnome.Firmware` | Install firmware on devices | | gedit | `org.gnome.gedit` | Text editor | | GMetronome | `org.gnome.gitlab.dqpb.GMetronome` | Maintain a steady tempo | | GNOME Network Displays | `org.gnome.NetworkDisplays` | Screencasting for GNOME | | Keysign | `org.gnome.Keysign` | OpenPGP Keysigning helper | | Passwords and Keys | `org.gnome.seahorse.Application` | Manage your passwords and encryption keys | | Pika Backup | `org.gnome.World.PikaBackup` | Keep your data safe | | Secrets | `org.gnome.World.Secrets` | Manage your passwords | | Sushi | `org.gnome.NautilusPreviewer` | Provide a facility for quickly viewing different kinds of files | ## Software development | Name | ID | Description | |---------|---------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------| | Boxes | `org.gnome.Boxes` | Virtualization made simple | | Builder | `org.gnome.Builder` | Create applications for GNOME | | D-Spy | `org.gnome.dspy` | Analyze D-Bus connections | | Devhelp | `org.gnome.Devhelp` | A developer tool for browsing and searching API documentation | | GHex | `org.gnome.GHex` | Inspect and edit binary files | | gitg | `org.gnome.gitg` | Graphical user interface for git | | Glade | `org.gnome.Glade` | Create or open user interface designs for GTK+ applications | | Meld | `org.gnome.meld` | Compare and merge your files | # Games Get your game on! # Wine Install Wine to play (almost) any Windows game on Linux. For a compatibility list refer to [ProtonDB](https://www.protondb.com/). Install Wine from the repositories: ~~~bash pacman -S wine wine-gecko wine-mono winetricks ~~~ ## DXVK DXVK is a Vulkan-based translation layer for Direct3D 9/10/11 which allows running 3D applications on Linux using Wine. Install DXVK from AUR: ~~~bash yay -S dxvk-bin ~~~

NOTE: If you set up Wine with a non-default prefix (i.e. your Wine "installation" does not reside under ~/.wine) you will need to supply it as a temporary environment variable:

WINEPREFIX=your-prefix setup_dxvk install

WARNING: DXVK overrides the DirectX 10 and 11 DLLs, which may be considered cheating in online multiplayer games, and may get your account banned. Use at your own risk!

Install DXVK libraries into your Wine prefix: ~~~bash setup_dxvk install ~~~ ## VKD3D-Proton VKD3D-Proton aims to implement the full Direct3D 12 API on top of Vulkan. Install VKD3D from AUR: ~~~bash yay -S vkd3d-proton-bin ~~~

NOTE: If you set up Wine with a non-default prefix (i.e. your Wine "installation" does not reside under ~/.wine) you will need to supply it as a temporary environment variable:

WINEPREFIX=your-prefix setup_vkd3d_proton install

WARNING: VKD3D-Proton overrides the DirectX 12 DLLs, which may be considered cheating in online multiplayer games, and may get your account banned. Use at your own risk!

Install VKD3D-Proton libraries into your Wine prefix: ~~~bash setup_vkd3d_proton install ~~~ ## MIDI Playback Some Windows games still use MIDI playback for music. In order for this to work in Wine, a sequencer has to be installed, e.g. `fluidsynth`:

NOTE: FluidSynth uses soundfonts to render MIDI music.

~~~bash pacman -S fluidsynth soundfont-fluid ~~~ FluidSynth comes with a systemd user unit to run it in daemon mode. Edit the file `/etc/conf.d/fluidsynth` and uncomment the lines with the environment variables. Point the `SOUND_FONT` variable to a soundfont file in `*.sf2` format (refer to [DOSBox](/books/arch-linux/page/dosbox) for a list of available soundfonts for installation). Furthermore, adjust the `OTHER_OPTS` variable to use the appropriate audio backend that you are using, e.g. set parameter `-a pipewire` if you're using PipeWire instead of PulseAudio: ~~~ # Mandatory parameters (uncomment and edit) SOUND_FONT=/usr/share/soundfonts/FluidR3_GM.sf2 # Additional optional parameters (may be useful, see 'man fluidsynth' for further info) OTHER_OPTS='-a pipewire -m alsa_seq -p FluidSynth\ GM -r 48000' ~~~ After you've set everything up, enable/start the systemd user unit with:

ATTENTION: Enable/start the unit as regular user, i.e. do not use sudo!

~~~bash systemctl --user enable --now fluidsynth ~~~ # Steam The popular game distribution platform and library management client from Valve.

NOTE: activate the multilib repository in /etc/pacman.conf to install Steam/Proton.

~~~bash pacman -S steam ~~~ ## Where are my game saves for Proton-enabled games? Games that are running via Steam Proton on Linux all use their own Wine prefix. The location of game data is here: ~~~ ~/.steam/steam/steamapps/compatdata/[game ID]/pfx ~~~ You can look up a game's ID by accessing its properties in the steam client: 1. Right-click on the game 1. Select "Properties..." 1. Go to "Updates" 1. Note down the "App ID" Then navigate the directory structure in the `drive_c/` subdirectory that replicates a Windows directory structure. Personal files are under the `drive_c/users/steamuser/` directory. # DOSBox Install DOSBox Staging for a more enhanced DOS gaming experience: ~~~bash yay -S dosbox-staging ~~~ ## General MIDI/Soundfonts The integrated FluidSynth MIDI sequencer has issues with some soundfont files, resulting in minor to major music playback issues in games. Timidity++ does not have these issues. To install simply: ~~~bash pacman -S timidity++ ~~~ A list of available soundfonts to install from the AUR, [sorted by votes](https://aur.archlinux.org/packages?K=soundfont&SB=v&SO=d): | AUR Package Name | Description | |---------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | `soundfonts-aur-meta` | Installs all the soundfont packages in the AUR | | `soundfont-unison` | A lean and clean GM/GS soundbank | | `soundfont-sgm` | A balanced, good quality GM soundbank | | `soundfont-titanic` | A public domain, high quality MIDI soundfont by Luke Sena | | `soundfont-generaluser` | A small and well balanced GM/GS soundbank for many styles of music. | | `soundfont-zeldamcsf2` | Legend of Zelda: Minish Cap soundfont for MIDI playback | | `soundfont-zelda3sf2` | Legend of Zelda: Link to the Past soundfont for MIDI playback | | `soundfont-fatboy` | A free GM/GS SoundFont for classic video game MIDI, emulation, and general usage | | `soundfont-arachno` | GM/GS soundbank courtesy of Maxime Abbey. | | `soundfont-sso-sf2` | The Sonatina Symphonic Orchestra by Mattias Westlund. (SF2 format) | | `soundfont-toh` | Don Allen's Timbres of Heaven soundfont | | `soundfont-opl3-fm-128m` | A SoundFont designed to simulate the classic MIDI sound of the Sound Blaster 16 (and other YM262 enabled hardware). | | `soundfont-sunshine-perc` | Five drum/percussion soundfonts from Sunshine Studios. Non-commercial use only. | | `soundfont-realfont` | GM soundbank by Michel Villeneuve | | `soundfont-personalcopy` | A large free SoundFont. | | `soundfont-jeux` | Jeux organ soundfont | Configure Timidity++ to use the soundfont of your choosing in its global config file `/etc/timidity++/timidity.cfg`: ~~~ soundfont /usr/share/soundfonts/FluidR3_GM.sf2 ~~~ Set up `timidity++` to run in daemon mode and start with user login: ~~~bash systemctl --user enable --now timidity ~~~ You need to tell DOSBox which MIDI Port to send MIDI data to. Install the `alsa-utils` package and list the available MIDI ports with `aconnect`: ~~~bash pacman -S alsa-utils aconnect -o ~~~ The output might look something like this: ~~~ client 14: 'Midi Through' [type=Kernel] 0 'Midi Through Port-0' client 128: 'TiMidity' [type=User,pid=89573] 0 'TiMidity port 0 ' 1 'TiMidity port 1 ' 2 'TiMidity port 2 ' 3 'TiMidity port 3 ' ~~~ In the configuration file for DOSBox, pass the client ID of the sequencer and the port to use on the `midiconfig` setting. The mididevice needs to be `default`. The syntax is `[client]:[port]`: ~~~ini [midi] mpu401 = intelligent mididevice = default midiconfig = 128:0 ~~~ ## Gravis UltraSound (GUS) The Gravis UltraSound cards were technically advanced soundcards with sample-based music synthesis ("wavetable") and hardware-mixing. DOSBox can emulate a Gravis UltraSound card for games that support it. To enable GUS emulation, set the following options in your DOSBox configuration file:

IMPORTANT: The ultradir references a directory within DOSBox, not your local filesystem!

~~~ini gus = true gusbase = 240 gusirq = 5 gusdma = 3 ultradir = C:\ULTRASND ~~~ Depending on where you mount your `C:` drive (e.g. `~/DOS`), the `ULTRASND` directory needs to be placed inside it. ### Installing GUS drivers

NOTE: Assumptions being made in this guide:

  • The C: drive is mounted from ~/DOS
  • The X: drive is mounted from ~/Downloads/GUS Install and contains the GUS setup files

IMPORTANT: Make sure you turn on GUS emulation in DOSBox before starting the setup procedure!

#### Preparations GUS emulation needs the original install disks for the Gravis UltraSound, which can be downloaded [here](https://www.mediafire.com/?8mezjdsyuj3). Create an `autoexec.bat` at the root of DOSBox's `C:` drive: ~~~bash touch ~/DOS/autoexec.bat ~~~ #### In DOSBox Extract the contents into a directory and mount it as drive `X:` in DOSBox: ~~~bash mount x ~/Downloads/GUS Install ~~~ Change directory to the `GUS410` directory and start the installer: ~~~bash X: cd X:\GUS410 INSTALL.EXE ~~~ Setup procedure: 1. Choose `Restore`, **NOT** `Install` 1. When asked what to restore, provide the glob pattern `*.*` 1. Keep the default target drive letter 1. Keep the default target directory 1. Start the installation process Back at the main menu: 1. Choose `Install` (since it is restored, the installation should be quick) 1. Keep the defaults for the drive and directory * If it can't find Windows, provide `C:\ULTRASND\WINDOWS` 1. When the installation completes successfully exit out * Don't run Express or Custom Setup Change directory to the `GUS411` directory and start the installer: ~~~bash cd X:\GUS411 INSTALL.EXE ~~~ Repeat the installation steps above. #### Testing To test if setup was successful restart DOSBox, change into `C:\ULTRASND` and start `MIDIDEMO.BAT`. If you hear music being played, the installation was successful. ## Games with CD Audio You can use [CBAE](https://github.com/john32b/cbae) to save some space with games that use CD audio tracks by compressing them. `cbae` is a NodeJS package that is installed via `npm`. If you don't have NodeJS already installed: ~~~bash pacman -S nodejs ~~~ Then install the `cbae` package **globally**: ~~~bash npm i cbae --location=global ~~~ `cbae` takes .bin/.cue images as input and uses the information of the .cue file to determine what the CD audio tracks are. To convert a .bin/.cue image: ~~~bash cbae e KEEPER.cue -o ./ -enc OPUS:64 -p $(nproc) ~~~ This achives the following: * `e KEEPER.cue`: encodes CD audio tracks of the image `KEEPER.cue` * `-o ./`: outputs the resulting files into a sub-directory of the current directory, e.g.: ~~~ KEEPER.bin KEEPER.cue <-- input file KEEPER [e] <-- sub-directory ├── KEEPER.cue <-- new .cue file by cbae ├── KEEPER - Track 01.bin <-- binary game data ├── KEEPER - Track 02.opus <-- CD audio track ├── KEEPER - Track 03.opus ├── KEEPER - Track 04.opus ├── KEEPER - Track 05.opus ├── KEEPER - Track 06.opus └── KEEPER - Track 07.opus ~~~ * `-enc OPUS:64`: encodes audio tracks with Opus at 64 kbps (see `cbae --help` for available codecs) * `-p $(nproc)`: specifies how many CPU cores are used for encoding (`$(nproc)` assigns the maximum number of cores available) Mount the newly created .cue file with DOSBox's `imgmount` command, e.g. as the D: drive: ~~~bash imgmount d ~/DOSGAMES/KEEPER [e]/KEEPER.cue -t cdrom ~~~ # ScummVM Dabble in some adventure games of yore with ScummVM: ~~~bash pacman -S scummvm ~~~ # OpenRCT2

A legitimate copy of the game is required to play, either bought from

Instructions on how to extract game assets and setting up the game can be found on the official OpenRCT2 website (innoextract is needed for extraction).

OpenRCT2 is an open-source re-implementation of RollerCoaster Tycoon 2 (RCT2), expanding the game with new features, fixing bugs and raising game limits.

NOTE: OpenRCT2 also supports RollerCoaster Tycoon 1 game files.

~~~ pacman -S openrct2 innoextract ~~~ For the development version install the AUR package: ~~~bash yay -S openrct2-git ~~~ # CorsixTH

A legitimate copy of the game is required to play, either bought from

Instructions on how to extract game assets and setting up the game can be found on the CorsixTH GitHub Wiki (innoextract is needed for extraction).

CorsixTH aims to re-implement the game engine of Theme Hospital, and be able to load the original game data files. ~~~bash yay -S corsix-th-git innoextract ~~~ # ioquake3

A legitimate copy of the game is required to play, either bought from

Instructions on how to extract game assets and setting up the game can be found on the ioquake3 Website.

ioquake3 is a free software first person shooter engine based on the *Quake 3: Arena* and *Quake 3: Team Arena* source code. ~~~bash yay -S ioquake3 ~~~ Copy the `pak0.pk3` file from your copy of the game: ~~~bash # single user cp pak0.pk3 ~/.q3a/baseq3/ # system-wide cp pak0.pk3 /opt/quake3/baseq3/ ~~~ # DXX-Rebirth

Legitimate copies of the games are required to play, either bought from

Further info can be found on the DXX-Rebirth Website (innoextract is needed for extraction).

DXX-Rebirth is a source port of the Descent and Descent 2 Engines so you won’t need DOSBox to play the games. Additionally, it offers OpenGL graphics and effects, advanced Multiplayer, many improvements and new features. ~~~bash yay -S d1x-rebirth d2x-rebirth innoextract ~~~ Copy the Descent 1 game files: ~~~bash # single user cp descent.(hog|pig) ~/.d1x-rebirth/ # system-wide cp descent.(hog|pig) /usr/share/d1x-rebirth/ ~~~ Copy the Descent 2 game files: ~~~bash # single user cp *.(ham|hog|pig|s11|s22) ~/.d2x-rebirth/ # system-wide cp *.(ham|hog|pig|s11|s22) /usr/share/d2x-rebirth/ ~~~ # Minecraft The official Minecraft Launcher package maintained by Microsoft: ~~~bash yay -S minecraft-launcher ~~~ # Sim City 3000 ## Widescreen hack Edit `SC3U.exe` with a hex editor and search for the following byte sequence: ~~~ 8b 4c 24 04 8b 44 24 08 53 ~~~ Overwrite the first four bytes with: ~~~ c2 08 00 90 ~~~ Next search for the byte sequence: ~~~ 8b 4c 24 04 8b 54 24 08 81 f9 ~~~ Overwrite the first four bytes with: ~~~ c2 08 00 90 ~~~ # UT2004 (Atari DVD Release Version) Install from the DVD. Navigate to the location the DVD was mounted at and run: ~~~bash sudo sh ./linux-installer.sh ~~~ Follow the installation steps. After installation completes **do not run the game immediately after install**. Patch first! ## Patch to latest version The patch can be downloaded here: ⬇️ [UT2004 Mega Pack Linux + LinuxPatch 3369.2 - utzone.de](https://utzone.de/forum/downloads.php?do=file&id=1194_UT2004-Mega-Pack-Linux-+-LinuxPatch-3369.2) Extract contents from the archive and copy them to the install location, overwriting all the files:

NOTE: If cp is asking for confirmation on every file, it is likely there is an alias to cp -i. Prepend a \ before the cp command to temporarily ignore this alias. Alternatively, unalias cp to undefine the alias.

~~~bash tar -xf ut2004megapack-linux -C /tmp/ cp -R /tmp/UT2004MegaPack/* /usr/local/games/ut2004 ~~~ ## Launch in 64-bit By default, the `ut2004` command will launch the 32-bit version of the game. To make it launch the 64-bit version, edit the start script `/usr/local/games/ut2004/ut2004` and change **line 49** from ~~~ exec "./ut2004-bin" $* ~~~ to ~~~ exec "./ut2004-bin-linux-amd64" $* ~~~ ## Missing libraries The game tries to load quite some old libraries, e.g. it will complain about `libSDL-1.2.so.0` or `libstdc++.so.5` missing. In the case of `libSDL-1.2.so.0` simply install the SDL 1.2 compatability package: ~~~bash pacman -S sdl12-compat ~~~ Then, remove the `libSDL-1.2.so.0` the game came with and put a symbolic link to your system's `libSDL-1.2.so.0` ~~~bash sudo rm /usr/local/games/ut2004/System/libSDL-1.2.so.0 sudo ln -sf /usr/lib/libSDL-1.2.so.0 /usr/local/games/ut2004/System/libSDL-1.2.so.0 ~~~ To fix the error about `libstdc++.so.5`, an AUR package with the files is available: ~~~bash yay -S libstdc++5 ~~~ ## No sound UT2004 expects there to be a `/dev/dsp` sound device to access the sound card directly. This goes back to OSS (Open Sound System) which has long been deprecated in favor of ALSA and contemporaries. This can easily be fixed in one of two ways: 1. Further edit the start script of `ut2004`, prepending the execution of the game binary with `padsp` to route all audio through PulseAudio: ~~~ exec padsp "./ut2004-bin-linux-amd64" $* ~~~ 1. Edit your user's UT2004 config file `~/.ut2004/System/UT2004.ini`, go to the section `[ALAudio.ALAudioSubsystem]` and change the value of `UseDefaultDriver=True` to `UseDefaultDriver=False` ## Screen resolution Some higher resolutions might not show up in the game's configuration screen. To set a resolution manually, edit your user's UT2004 config file, go to section `[SDLDrv.SDLClient]` and set the following parameters, e.g.:

ATTENTION: The config file contains two sections for various graphical settings, one for Windows and one for Linux. The one for Linux comes after the one for Windows.

~~~ini [SDLDrv.SDLClient] FullscreenViewportX=2560 FullscreenViewportY=1440 ~~~ ## Proper wide-screen support A mod is available that expands UT2004's wide-screen support: [foxWSFix-UT2k4](https://github.com/alexstrout/foxWSFix-UT2k4) # Customization & Tweaks Make it yours # DBus `dbus-broker` is a drop-in replacement for the *libdbus* reference implementation, which aims "to provide high performance and reliability, while keeping compatibility to the D-Bus reference implementation". Install `dbus-broker`: ~~~bash pacman -S dbus-broker ~~~ Disable `dbus.service` and enable `dbus-broker.service` globally: ~~~bash systemctl disable dbus systemctl enable dbus-broker ~~~ Reboot for the changes to take effect. # KDE Plasma Themes ## Akava [https://akava-design.github.io/](https://akava-design.github.io/) ~~~bash yay -S breeze-blurred-git akava-kde-git akava-konsole-git kvantum-theme-akava-git ~~~ ## Layan ~~~bash yay -S kvantum-theme-layan-git layan-cursor-theme-git layan-gtk-theme-git layan-kde-git tela-icon-theme-git ~~~ ## Aritim Install Konsole theme with "Get new stuff" Feature from Konsole. ~~~bash yay -S aritim-dark-gtk-git aritim-light-kde-git aritim-dark-kde-git aritim-light-gtk-git lightly-qt kora-icon-theme ~~~ # Latte Dock

CAUTION: The developer of Latte announced his retirement from maintining the project.

Dock based on Plasma frameworks that provides an elegant and intuitive experience for your tasks and plasmoids. ## Installation Install Latte Dock from AUR (most recent version) ~~~bash yay -S latte-dock-git ~~~ ## Configuration ### Borderless maximized windows 1. Right-click on Latte dock -> `Configure Latte` -> `Preferences` tab -> Behavior: Support borderless maximized windows in different layouts 1. Enable borderless windows for KWin: ~~~bash kwriteconfig5 --file ~/.config/kwinrc --group Windows --key BorderlessMaximizedWindows true qdbus org.kde.KWin /KWin reconfigure ~~~ ## Widgets ### Window Title Install with KDE Widget "Get new stuff" feature. Alternatively install via AUR: ~~~bash yay -S plasma5-applets-window-title-git ~~~ ### Window Buttons Widget Install via AUR: ~~~bash yay -S plasma5-applets-window-buttons-git ~~~ ## Troubleshoot ### Meta key doesn't open application launcher ~~~bash kwriteconfig5 --file ~/.config/kwinrc --group ModifierOnlyShortcuts --key Meta "org.kde.lattedock,/Latte,org.kde.LatteDock,activateLauncherMenu" qdbus org.kde.KWin /KWin reconfigure ~~~ # Additional Packages Additional packages one might find useful to have installed on their system ## File System Utilities | File system | Package | Creation command | Description | |-------------|------------------|------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------| | Btrfs | `btrfs-progs` | `mkfs.btrfs` | Btrfs filesystem utilities | | VFAT | `dosfstools` | `mkfs.fat` | DOS filesystem utilities | | exFAT | `exfatprogs` | `mkfs.exfat` | exFAT filesystem userspace utilities for the Linux Kernel exfat driver | | F2FS | `f2fs-tools` | `mkfs.f2fs` | Tools for Flash-Friendly File System (F2FS) | | ext4 | `e2fsprogs` | `mkfs.ext4` | Ext2/3/4 filesystem utilities | | HFS/HFS+ | `hfsprogs` (AUR) | `mkfs.hfsplus` | User space utils to create and check Apple HFS/HFS+ filesystem | | JFS | `jfsutils` | `mkfs.jfs` | JFS filesystem utilities | | NILFS2 | `nilfs-utils` | `mkfs.nilfs2` | A log-structured file system supporting continuous snapshotting | | NTFS | `ntfs-3g` | `mkfs.ntfs` | NTFS filesystem driver and utilities | | ReiserFS | `reiserfsprogs` | `mkfs.reiserfs` | Reiserfs utilities | | UDF | `udftools` | `mkfs.udf` | Linux tools for UDF filesystems and DVD/CD-R(W) drives | | XFS | `xfsprogs` | `mkfs.xfs` | XFS filesystem utilities | ## System Tools | Package | Description | |-------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | `fwupd` | Simple daemon to allow session software to update firmware | | `htop` | Interactive process viewer | | `impression` | A straight-forward modern application to create bootable drives. | | `libimobiledevice` | Library to communicate with services on iOS devices using native protocols | | `lshw` | A small tool to provide detailed information on the hardware configuration of the machine | | `man-db` | A utility for reading man pages | | `power-profiles-daemon` | Makes power profiles handling available over D-Bus | | `radeontop` | View AMD GPU utilization for total activity percent and individual blocks | ## Multimedia | Package | Description | |------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | `aegisub` | A general-purpose subtitle editor with ASS/SSA support | | `amberol` | Plays music, and nothing else | | `blanket` | Improve focus and increase your productivity by listening to different sounds | | `eartag` | Simple music tag editor | | `handbrake` | Multithreaded video transcoder | | `identity` | Compare multiple versions of an image or video | | `makemkv` | DVD and Blu-ray to MKV converter | | `mediainfo-gui` | Supplies technical and tag information about media files | | `mousai` | Simple application for identifying songs | | `paleta` | Extract the dominant colors from any image | | `soundconverter` | A simple sound converter application for GNOME | | `tube-converter` | An easy-to-use video downloader | | `video-trimmer` | Trim videos quickly | ## Productivity | Package | Description | |--------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------| | `apostrophe` | A distraction free Markdown editor for GNU/Linux made with GTK+ | ## Developer Tools | Package | Description | |--------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------| | `devtoolbox` | Development tools at your fingertips | | `escambo` | An HTTP-based APIs test application for GNOME | | `gitg` | GNOME GUI client to view git repositories | | `ohmysvg` | SVG optimizer | | `playhouse` | A Playground for HTML/CSS/JavaScript | | `share-preview` | Preview and debug websites metadata tags for social media share | | `textpieces` | Transform text without using random websites | | `visual-studio-code-bin` | Editor for building and debugging modern web and cloud applications | | `webfontkitgenerator` | Create `@font-face` kits easily | ## Misc Tools | Package | Description | |-----------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | `extension-manager` | A native tool for browsing, installing, and managing GNOME Shell Extensions | | `gnome-obfuscate` | Censor private information | | `newsflash` | Desktop application designed to complement an already existing web-based RSS reader account | | `p7zip` | Command-line file archiver with high compression ratio | | `teamviewer` | All-In-One Software for Remote Support and Online Meetings | # zsh configuration `zsh` configuration as provided on a standard Manjaro install with some additions ## General settings ~~~bash ## Options section setopt correct # Auto correct mistakes setopt extendedglob # Extended globbing. Allows using regular expressions with * setopt nocaseglob # Case insensitive globbing setopt rcexpandparam # Array expension with parameters setopt nocheckjobs # Don't warn about running processes when exiting setopt numericglobsort # Sort filenames numerically when it makes sense setopt nobeep # No beep setopt appendhistory # Immediately append history instead of overwriting setopt histignorealldups # If a new command is a duplicate, remove the older one setopt autocd # if only directory path is entered, cd there. setopt inc_append_history # save commands are added to the history immediately, otherwise only when shell exits. zstyle ':completion:*' matcher-list 'm:{a-zA-Z}={A-Za-z}' # Case insensitive tab completion zstyle ':completion:*' list-colors "${(s.:.)LS_COLORS}" # Colored completion (different colors for dirs/files/etc) zstyle ':completion:*' rehash true # automatically find new executables in path # Speed up completions zstyle ':completion:*' accept-exact '*(N)' zstyle ':completion:*' use-cache on zstyle ':completion:*' cache-path ~/.zsh/cache HISTFILE=~/.zhistory HISTSIZE=10000 SAVEHIST=10000 #export EDITOR=/usr/bin/nano #export VISUAL=/usr/bin/nano WORDCHARS=${WORDCHARS//\/[&.;]} # Don't consider certain characters part of the word ~~~ ## Key Bindings ~~~bash ## Keybindings section bindkey -e bindkey '^[[7~' beginning-of-line # Home key bindkey '^[[H' beginning-of-line # Home key if [[ "${terminfo[khome]}" != "" ]]; then bindkey "${terminfo[khome]}" beginning-of-line # [Home] - Go to beginning of line fi bindkey '^[[8~' end-of-line # End key bindkey '^[[F' end-of-line # End key if [[ "${terminfo[kend]}" != "" ]]; then bindkey "${terminfo[kend]}" end-of-line # [End] - Go to end of line fi bindkey '^[[2~' overwrite-mode # Insert key bindkey '^[[3~' delete-char # Delete key bindkey '^[[C' forward-char # Right key bindkey '^[[D' backward-char # Left key bindkey '^[[5~' history-beginning-search-backward # Page up key bindkey '^[[6~' history-beginning-search-forward # Page down key # Navigate words with ctrl+arrow keys bindkey '^[Oc' forward-word # bindkey '^[Od' backward-word # bindkey '^[[1;5D' backward-word # bindkey '^[[1;5C' forward-word # bindkey '^H' backward-kill-word # delete previous word with ctrl+backspace bindkey '^[[Z' undo # Shift+tab undo last action ~~~ ## Aliases ~~~bash ## Alias section alias ls='ls --color=auto' alias ll='ls -lahF' alias cp='cp -i' # Confirm before overwriting something alias df='df -h' # Human-readable sizes alias free='free -m' # Show sizes in MB alias gitu='git add . && git commit && git push' ~~~ ## Theming ~~~bash # Theming section autoload -U compinit colors zcalc compinit -d colors # Color man pages export LESS_TERMCAP_mb=$'\E[01;32m' export LESS_TERMCAP_md=$'\E[01;32m' export LESS_TERMCAP_me=$'\E[0m' export LESS_TERMCAP_se=$'\E[0m' export LESS_TERMCAP_so=$'\E[01;47;34m' export LESS_TERMCAP_ue=$'\E[0m' export LESS_TERMCAP_us=$'\E[01;36m' export LESS=-R ~~~ ## Plugins ~~~bash ## Plugins section: Enable fish style features # Use syntax highlighting source /usr/share/zsh/plugins/zsh-syntax-highlighting/zsh-syntax-highlighting.zsh # Use history substring search source /usr/share/zsh/plugins/zsh-history-substring-search/zsh-history-substring-search.zsh # bind UP and DOWN arrow keys to history substring search zmodload zsh/terminfo bindkey "$terminfo[kcuu1]" history-substring-search-up bindkey "$terminfo[kcud1]" history-substring-search-down bindkey '^[[A' history-substring-search-up bindkey '^[[B' history-substring-search-down source /usr/share/zsh/plugins/zsh-autosuggestions/zsh-autosuggestions.zsh ZSH_AUTOSUGGEST_BUFFER_MAX_SIZE=20 ZSH_AUTOSUGGEST_HIGHLIGHT_STYLE='fg=8' ~~~ ## Terminal Window Title ~~~bash # Set terminal window and tab/icon title # # usage: title short_tab_title [long_window_title] # # See: http://www.faqs.org/docs/Linux-mini/Xterm-Title.html#ss3.1 # Fully supports screen and probably most modern xterm and rxvt # (In screen, only short_tab_title is used) function title { emulate -L zsh setopt prompt_subst [[ "$EMACS" == *term* ]] && return # if $2 is unset use $1 as default # if it is set and empty, leave it as is : ${2=$1} case "$TERM" in xterm*|putty*|rxvt*|konsole*|ansi|mlterm*|alacritty|st*) print -Pn "\e]2;${2:q}\a" # set window name print -Pn "\e]1;${1:q}\a" # set tab name ;; screen*|tmux*) print -Pn "\ek${1:q}\e\\" # set screen hardstatus ;; *) # Try to use terminfo to set the title # If the feature is available set title if [[ -n "$terminfo[fsl]" ]] && [[ -n "$terminfo[tsl]" ]]; then echoti tsl print -Pn "$1" echoti fsl fi ;; esac } ZSH_THEME_TERM_TAB_TITLE_IDLE="%15<..<%~%<<" #15 char left truncated PWD ZSH_THEME_TERM_TITLE_IDLE="%n@%m:%~" # Runs before showing the prompt function mzc_termsupport_precmd { [[ "${DISABLE_AUTO_TITLE:-}" == true ]] && return title $ZSH_THEME_TERM_TAB_TITLE_IDLE $ZSH_THEME_TERM_TITLE_IDLE } # Runs before executing the command function mzc_termsupport_preexec { [[ "${DISABLE_AUTO_TITLE:-}" == true ]] && return emulate -L zsh # split command into array of arguments local -a cmdargs cmdargs=("${(z)2}") # if running fg, extract the command from the job description if [[ "${cmdargs[1]}" = fg ]]; then # get the job id from the first argument passed to the fg command local job_id jobspec="${cmdargs[2]#%}" # logic based on jobs arguments: # http://zsh.sourceforge.net/Doc/Release/Jobs-_0026-Signals.html#Jobs # https://www.zsh.org/mla/users/2007/msg00704.html case "$jobspec" in <->) # %number argument: # use the same passed as an argument job_id=${jobspec} ;; ""|%|+) # empty, %% or %+ argument: # use the current job, which appears with a + in $jobstates: # suspended:+:5071=suspended (tty output) job_id=${(k)jobstates[(r)*:+:*]} ;; -) # %- argument: # use the previous job, which appears with a - in $jobstates: # suspended:-:6493=suspended (signal) job_id=${(k)jobstates[(r)*:-:*]} ;; [?]*) # %?string argument: # use $jobtexts to match for a job whose command *contains* job_id=${(k)jobtexts[(r)*${(Q)jobspec}*]} ;; *) # %string argument: # use $jobtexts to match for a job whose command *starts with* job_id=${(k)jobtexts[(r)${(Q)jobspec}*]} ;; esac # override preexec function arguments with job command if [[ -n "${jobtexts[$job_id]}" ]]; then 1="${jobtexts[$job_id]}" 2="${jobtexts[$job_id]}" fi fi # cmd name only, or if this is sudo or ssh, the next cmd local CMD=${1[(wr)^(*=*|sudo|ssh|mosh|rake|-*)]:gs/%/%%} local LINE="${2:gs/%/%%}" title '$CMD' '%100>...>$LINE%<<' } autoload -U add-zsh-hook add-zsh-hook precmd mzc_termsupport_precmd add-zsh-hook preexec mzc_termsupport_preexec ~~~ ## `.nvmrc` detection ~~~bash # place this after nvm initialization! autoload -U add-zsh-hook load-nvmrc() { local node_version="$(nvm version)" local nvmrc_path="$(nvm_find_nvmrc)" if [ -n "$nvmrc_path" ]; then local nvmrc_node_version=$(nvm version "$(cat "${nvmrc_path}")") if [ "$nvmrc_node_version" = "N/A" ]; then nvm install elif [ "$nvmrc_node_version" != "$node_version" ]; then nvm use fi elif [ "$node_version" != "$(nvm version default)" ]; then echo "Reverting to nvm default version" nvm use default fi } add-zsh-hook chpwd load-nvmrc load-nvmrc ~~~ ## `npm` completions ~~~bash _zbnc_npm_command() { echo "${words[2]}" } _zbnc_npm_command_arg() { echo "${words[3]}" } _zbnc_no_of_npm_args() { echo "$#words" } _zbnc_list_cached_modules() { ls ~/.npm 2>/dev/null } _zbnc_recursively_look_for() { local filename="$1" local dir=$PWD while [ ! -e "$dir/$filename" ]; do dir=${dir%/*} [[ "$dir" = "" ]] && break done [[ ! "$dir" = "" ]] && echo "$dir/$filename" } _zbnc_get_package_json_property_object() { local package_json="$1" local property="$2" cat "$package_json" | sed -nE "/^ \"$property\": \{$/,/^ \},?$/p" | # Grab scripts object sed '1d;$d' | # Remove first/last lines sed -E 's/ "([^"]+)": "(.+)",?/\1=>\2/' # Parse into key=>value } _zbnc_get_package_json_property_object_keys() { local package_json="$1" local property="$2" _zbnc_get_package_json_property_object "$package_json" "$property" | cut -f 1 -d "=" } _zbnc_parse_package_json_for_script_suggestions() { local package_json="$1" _zbnc_get_package_json_property_object "$package_json" scripts | sed -E 's/(.+)=>(.+)/\1:$ \2/' | # Parse commands into suggestions sed 's/\(:\)[^$]/\\&/g' | # Escape ":" in commands sed 's/\(:\)$[^ ]/\\&/g' # Escape ":$" without a space in commands } _zbnc_parse_package_json_for_deps() { local package_json="$1" _zbnc_get_package_json_property_object_keys "$package_json" dependencies _zbnc_get_package_json_property_object_keys "$package_json" devDependencies } _zbnc_npm_install_completion() { # Only run on `npm install ?` [[ ! "$(_zbnc_no_of_npm_args)" = "3" ]] && return # Return if we don't have any cached modules [[ "$(_zbnc_list_cached_modules)" = "" ]] && return # If we do, recommend them _values $(_zbnc_list_cached_modules) # Make sure we don't run default completion custom_completion=true } _zbnc_npm_uninstall_completion() { # Use default npm completion to recommend global modules [[ "$(_zbnc_npm_command_arg)" = "-g" ]] || [[ "$(_zbnc_npm_command_arg)" = "--global" ]] && return # Look for a package.json file local package_json="$(_zbnc_recursively_look_for package.json)" # Return if we can't find package.json [[ "$package_json" = "" ]] && return _values $(_zbnc_parse_package_json_for_deps "$package_json") # Make sure we don't run default completion custom_completion=true } _zbnc_npm_run_completion() { # Only run on `npm run ?` [[ ! "$(_zbnc_no_of_npm_args)" = "3" ]] && return # Look for a package.json file local package_json="$(_zbnc_recursively_look_for package.json)" # Return if we can't find package.json [[ "$package_json" = "" ]] && return # Parse scripts in package.json local -a options options=(${(f)"$(_zbnc_parse_package_json_for_script_suggestions $package_json)"}) # Return if we can't parse it [[ "$#options" = 0 ]] && return # Load the completions _describe 'values' options # Make sure we don't run default completion custom_completion=true } _zbnc_default_npm_completion() { compadd -- $(COMP_CWORD=$((CURRENT-1)) \ COMP_LINE=$BUFFER \ COMP_POINT=0 \ npm completion -- "${words[@]}" \ 2>/dev/null) } _zbnc_zsh_better_npm_completion() { # Store custom completion status local custom_completion=false # Load custom completion commands case "$(_zbnc_npm_command)" in i|install) _zbnc_npm_install_completion ;; r|uninstall) _zbnc_npm_uninstall_completion ;; run) _zbnc_npm_run_completion ;; esac # Fall back to default completion if we haven't done a custom one [[ $custom_completion = false ]] && _zbnc_default_npm_completion } compdef _zbnc_zsh_better_npm_completion npm ~~~ ## Final `.zshrc` ~~~bash source /usr/share/nvm/init-nvm.sh source ~/.zsh/1_general.zsh source ~/.zsh/2_keybindings.zsh source ~/.zsh/3_aliases.zsh source ~/.zsh/4_theming.zsh source ~/.zsh/5_plugins.zsh source ~/.zsh/6_termwin_func.zsh source ~/.zsh/7_nvmrc.zsh source ~/.zsh/8_npm_completion.zsh ~~~ ## powerlevel10k prompt theme ~~~bash yay -S zsh-theme-powerlevel10k-git nerd-fonts-jetbrains-mono echo 'source /usr/share/zsh-theme-powerlevel10k/powerlevel10k.zsh-theme' >> ~/.zshrc ~~~ # Plymouth Plymouth replaces boot messages with a pretty splash screen. ## Installation ~~~bash yay -S plymouth ttf-dejavu ~~~ ## Configuration Enabling Plymouth requires editing the `HOOKS` array in `/etc/mkinitcpio.conf`. Depending on what your initramfs is based on the hooks slightly differ. ### Busybox If your initramfs is busybox-based (default in Arch Linux), add the `plymouth` hook **after** the `base` and `udev` hooks:

ATTENTION: When using the encrypt hook to unlock encrypted devices during boot, place it after the plymouth hook in order to receive a passphrase prompt, e.g.:

HOOKS=(base udev plymouth autodetect keyboard keymap consolefont modconf block encrypt lvm2 filesystems fsck)
~~~ HOOKS=(base udev plymouth ...) ~~~ ### Systemd If your initramfs is systemd-based (i.e. to make use of `systemd-cryptenroll`), add the `plymouth` hook **after** the `base` and `systemd` hooks:

ATTENTION: When using the sd-encrypt hook to unlock encrypted devices during boot, place it after the plymouth hook in order to receive a passphrase prompt, e.g.:

HOOKS=(base systemd plymouth autodetect keyboard sd-vconsole modconf block sd-encrypt lvm2 filesystems fsck)
~~~ HOOKS=(base systemd plymouth ...) ~~~ ## Theming A great selection of Plymouth themes can be found [on the AUR](https://aur.archlinux.org/packages/?K=plymouth%2Dtheme). To list available Plymouth themes (alternatively `ls /usr/share/plymouth/themes`): ~~~bash plymouth-set-default-theme -l ~~~ Set the Plymouth theme and rebuild (`-R`) the initramfs, e.g. BGRT (keeps firmware logo and displays a spinner in a similar fashion to Windows):

TIP: When unlocking a LUKS encrypted root file system during boot the passphrase prompt replaces the firmware logo. To prevent this install and set the following theme instead:

yay -S plymouth-theme-bgrt-better-luks
sudo plymouth-set-default-theme -R bgrt-better-luks
~~~bash sudo plymouth-set-default-theme -R bgrt ~~~ Reboot and enjoy! # Reinstall preparation ## Backup ### Folders in `/home` * `.dosbox` (DOSBox configs) * `.local/bin` (local scripts) * `.mozilla` (Firefox profile) * `.ssh` (SSH keys and configs) * `DOS` (DOSBox root) * `DOSGAMES` (ISO images) * Downloads * Run Sync NAS script to save Documents, Pictures, Music and Video * Possible Windows game saves beneath `.wine` prefix ### Configs #### Folding@Home Folding@Home config: `/etc/foldingathome/config.xml` #### HandBrake Export Configs via GUI #### VS Code Use Cloud Sync extension with GitHub # Qt Wayland ## Display server To utilize Wayland for Qt-based applications install the `qt5-wayland` and `qt6-wayland` packages. Optionally, also install `qt5ct` and `qt6ct` if you're on a non-KDE desktop environment. Then set the `QT_QPA_PLATFORM` environment variable to: * `wayland` for the wayland plugin * `xcb` for the X11 plugin * `qt6ct` for running Qt6-based applications on non-KDE desktop environments * `qt5ct` for running Qt5-based applications on non-KDE desktop environments

TIP: It may prove useful to set multiple values separated by ;. In case one is not available, the next one is used.

~~~bash QT_QPA_PLATFORM="wayland;qt5ct;xcb" ~~~ ## Use KDE dialogs If some applications (e.g. Telegram) don't use default KDE dialogs, set the following environment variable: ~~~bash QT_QPA_PLATFORMTHEME="flatpak" ~~~ # Removing unused packages (orphans) Orphans can accumulate as packages are removed via `pacman -R` instead of `pacman -Rs`, makedepends or packages removing dependencies in subsequent versions. These can accumulate over time and waste space To recursively remove packages that are not required by other packages (including their configuration files) installed on the systems use the following command: | Parameter | Description | |-----------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | `-Q` | Query the local database | | `-t` | List packages not required by any other installed package
(`-tt` to also list packages installed as optional dependencies) | | `-d` | List packages installed as dependencies | | `-q` | Show less information (e.g. only package names, useful for piping) | | `-R` | Remove packages | | `-n` | Also remove configuration files | | `-s` | Remove unneeded packages recursively | ~~~bash pacman -Qtdq | pacman -Rns - ~~~ # Troubleshooting Things will break. Start here when they do. # Restore Secure Boot Keys, Bootloader, LUKS TPM Key after Firmware update After a firmware upgrade the firmware settings might get reset to their default values, including bootloater entries and custom secure boot keys. ## Restore secure boot keys First, you should restore any custom secure boot keys that might have been lost. If you already had secure boot keys before the update you should be able to simply restore them by pushing them into the firmware again like you did on initial setup. Keep in mind that you still need to put the secure boot state into **setup mode** (e.g. by deleting all keys from storage) or else the keys will not be writable and restore will fail. Boot the Arch Linux install media, mount your drives (especially the EFI system partition) and `arch-chroot` into it. If you only boot Arch Linux: ~~~bash sbctl enroll-keys ~~~ If you dual-boot Windows: ~~~bash sbctl enroll-keys --microsoft ~~~ ## Restore boot loader Depending on which boot loader you use you can probably restore it by just installing it again. See the [Boot Loader](https://wiki.sebin-nyshkim.net/books/arch-linux/page/boot-loader) section for install instructions. After restoring the boot loader, make sure to sign it with your keys and regenerate and re-sign the initrd as well! ~~~bash sbctl sign-all ~~~ ## Regenerate TPM-based LUKS key Since the firmware code changed the PIN you set up for a TPM-based LUKS key will probably stop validating (e.g. if you sealed against PCR 0). You will need to re-enroll the TPM-based key into a free LUKS key slot in order to restore TPM-based PIN unlocking. First, clear any TPM-based key from the LUKS device: ~~~bash systemd-cryptenroll --wipe-slot=tpm2 ~~~ Then, enroll a new key as described on [Trusted Platform Module](https://wiki.sebin-nyshkim.net/books/arch-linux/page/trusted-platform-module#bkmrk-tpm2-based-luks-key). # WARNING: Possibly missing firmware for module during initrd generation During initrd generation mkinitcpio might output the following messages: ~~~ ==> Starting build: '6.2.8-arch1-1' -> Running build hook: [base] -> Running build hook: [systemd] -> Running build hook: [sd-plymouth] -> Running build hook: [keyboard] ==> WARNING: Possibly missing firmware for module: 'xhci_pci' -> Running build hook: [sd-vconsole] -> Running build hook: [modconf] -> Running build hook: [block] ==> WARNING: Possibly missing firmware for module: 'aic94xx' ==> WARNING: Possibly missing firmware for module: 'bfa' ==> WARNING: Possibly missing firmware for module: 'qed' ==> WARNING: Possibly missing firmware for module: 'qla1280' ==> WARNING: Possibly missing firmware for module: 'qla2xxx' ==> WARNING: Possibly missing firmware for module: 'wd719x' -> Running build hook: [sd-encrypt] ==> WARNING: Possibly missing firmware for module: 'qat_4xxx' -> Running build hook: [lvm2] -> Running build hook: [filesystems] -> Running build hook: [fsck] ~~~ These messages indicate that the firmware the mentioned kernel modules use are likely not installed, so the hardware these modules are intended for might not be functioning properly. You can check which firmware files a module expects with `modinfo`: ~~~bash modinfo xhci_pci ~~~ Which prints the following: ~~~ filename: /lib/modules/6.2.8-arch1-1/kernel/drivers/usb/host/xhci-pci.ko.zst license: GPL description: xHCI PCI Host Controller Driver firmware: renesas_usb_fw.mem srcversion: 2136F2C840FEFEEBE2620AB alias: pci:v*d*sv*sd*bc0Csc03i30* alias: pci:v00001912d00000015sv*sd*bc*sc*i* alias: pci:v00001912d00000014sv*sd*bc*sc*i* depends: xhci-pci-renesas retpoline: Y intree: Y name: xhci_pci vermagic: 6.2.8-arch1-1 SMP preempt mod_unload sig_id: PKCS#7 signer: Build time autogenerated kernel key sig_key: 32:CA:80:C4:B5:BA:12:59:45:12:81:28:04:EF:9C:56:42:A8:A1:65 sig_hashalgo: sha512 signature: 30:65:02:30:30:C2:EB:28:BB:C1:F4:09:1B:F8:94:7D:D6:6D:42:89: 2B:8C:74:4C:89:2C:F9:4F:6A:0C:92:64:B5:1C:97:76:15:DC:96:D6: 59:3B:6F:C9:E3:8F:89:16:2C:D9:36:AC:02:31:00:83:C4:FE:BF:75: C5:8D:A7:82:01:08:79:3D:FF:8D:3C:54:41:95:6D:2C:5E:8B:C9:3B: 76:B0:1E:FE:5C:BA:23:66:30:A4:EA:D3:11:FF:7B:E4:93:67:DA:66: 02:16:6D ~~~ You can check to see whether the module gives any indication of whether intervention is required. If it lists hardware that is not present on the system, it can be safely ignored. ## Getting rid of the warnings anyway

NOTE: Also see the Arch Wiki article for mkinitcpio on the topic. At the time of writing, the firmware files for the qat_4xxx kernel module have not been made publicly available yet, so you will still receive a warning about this module in particular.

If you wish to not be warned about missing firmware files you can install the `mkinitcpio-firmware` meta package from the AUR: ~~~bash yay -S mkinitcpio-firmware ~~~ This will install additional firmware files on your system to suppress these warnings. # Python Applications Stop Working After a new minor release of Python (e.g. 3.9 -> 3.10) some Python packages from the AUR might stop working. This can be fixed by rebuilding the packages. To get a list of the Python packages installed on your system you can run: ~~~bash pacman -Qoq /usr/lib/python3.* ~~~ This gives you a list of packages that have files installed under the given directory (`/usr/lib/python3.{x..y}`). Since the directory changes when a new version of Python is released you will need to rebuild some or all of these packages. To initiate a rebuild take your AUR Helper, e.g. with `yay`, issue the following command: ~~~bash yay -S $(pacman -Qoq /usr/lib/python3.*) --answerclean All ~~~ This will pass all of the packages from the previous list as an argument to `yay`'s install command (`-S`) and rebuild the packages from scratch (`--answerclean All`). This will move them to the new directory structure. However, if any of the packages needing to be rebuilt are not yet compatible with the new version of Python, the rebuild might still fail. Should this happen, pass a list of remaining package names by hand or use the `--ignore` option and pass it the package names that failed to rebuild (comma-separated, glob patterns are supported). # Discover does not offer system package updates Sometimes Discover fails to delete the lockfile for PackageKit. In this case, delete the lockfile yourself. ~~~bash sudo rm /var/lib/PackageKit/alpm/db.lck ~~~ # Fonts in GNOME Flatpak apps are not anti-aliased on non-GTK desktops Under Wayland GNOME apps get their anti-aliasing settings from XDG Portals. To make fonts look nice in GNOME apps on Wayland and a non-GTK desktop (e.g. KDE Plasma) you need the appropriate portal installed: ~~~bash pacman -S xdg-desktop-portal-gtk ~~~ Then, restart the `xdg-desktop-portal` and `xdg-desktop-portal-gtk` user unit: ~~~bash systemctl --user restart xdg-desktop-portal xdg-desktop-portal-gtk ~~~ After that restart your GNOME flatpak app and fonts should now be anti-aliased.